{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1990946244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2012.2203121","title":"Virtual Battery: A Battery Simulation Framework for Electric Vehicles","display_name":"Virtual Battery: A Battery Simulation Framework for Electric Vehicles","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1990946244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2012.2203121","mag":"1990946244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2012.2203121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2012.2203121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041757568","display_name":"Feng Ju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3452-0795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Ju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","Dept. of Ind. & Syst. Eng., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Ind. & Syst. Eng., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100704434","display_name":"Junwen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5410-6287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193484058","display_name":"Laureate Education","ror":"https://ror.org/013mz8190","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193484058"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161750","display_name":"Laureate Learning Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/058sedk89","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161750"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junwen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laureate Education, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA","Laureate Education Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laureate Education, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161750","https://openalex.org/I193484058"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laureate Education Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161750","https://openalex.org/I193484058"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059704385","display_name":"Jingshan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0148-1232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingshan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","Dept. of Ind. & Syst. Eng., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Ind. & Syst. Eng., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109947135","display_name":"Guoxian Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoxian Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Manufacturing Systems Research Laboratory, General Motors Research and Development Center, Warren, MI, USA","R&D Center, Manuf. Syst. Res. Lab., Gen. Motors, Warren, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Manufacturing Systems Research Laboratory, General Motors Research and Development Center, Warren, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&D Center, Manuf. Syst. Res. Lab., Gen. Motors, Warren, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017045577","display_name":"Stephan Biller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2597-3768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332737386","display_name":"General Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013msgt25","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134512","display_name":"GE Global Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03e06qt98","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Biller","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Electric Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA","Gen. Electr. Global Res., Niskayuna, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Electric Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gen. Electr. Global Res., Niskayuna, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041757568"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5397,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94434904,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"5","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10018","display_name":"Advancements in Battery Materials","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.8564468622207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.6385166049003601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-pack","display_name":"Battery pack","score":0.601426899433136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.5404788255691528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4709243178367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-battery","display_name":"Automotive battery","score":0.45301514863967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.41879743337631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3686414062976837}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.8564468622207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6385166049003601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778508592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420116","display_name":"Battery pack","level":4,"score":0.601426899433136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.5404788255691528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4709243178367615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45811908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902054","display_name":"Automotive battery","level":4,"score":0.45301514863967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41879743337631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3686414062976837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tase.2012.2203121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2012.2203121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34881539","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1545-5955","issn":["1545-5955","1558-3783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12113076","https://openalex.org/W43252173","https://openalex.org/W133988976","https://openalex.org/W1579900533","https://openalex.org/W1966587350","https://openalex.org/W1970862825","https://openalex.org/W1994036601","https://openalex.org/W1996284362","https://openalex.org/W2006165694","https://openalex.org/W2019005526","https://openalex.org/W2024565483","https://openalex.org/W2029444703","https://openalex.org/W2040327264","https://openalex.org/W2076000625","https://openalex.org/W2084606228","https://openalex.org/W2094352542","https://openalex.org/W2103739668","https://openalex.org/W2112643767","https://openalex.org/W2118536547","https://openalex.org/W2141111050","https://openalex.org/W2424890574","https://openalex.org/W4236639828","https://openalex.org/W6718048161"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034497065","https://openalex.org/W1930038136","https://openalex.org/W4285815806","https://openalex.org/W2735869303","https://openalex.org/W4312262187","https://openalex.org/W4385954201","https://openalex.org/W2781638990","https://openalex.org/W4280651754","https://openalex.org/W4221089974","https://openalex.org/W2407337083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"battery":[1,17,24,44,50,91,105,114,146,150,156,180,191,198,222,229],"is":[2,29,170,194],"one":[3],"of":[4,23,42,58,96,126,137,161,176,206,234],"the":[5,40,56,63,68,90,94,124,149,174,204,212,232],"most":[6],"important":[7,121],"components":[8,164],"in":[9,104],"electric":[10,27],"vehicles.":[11],"In":[12,186],"this":[13,187],"paper,":[14,188],"a":[15,21,33,43,76,80,153,155,189,218],"virtual":[16,190],"model,":[18],"which":[19,158],"provides":[20],"framework":[22,77,193,219],"simulation":[25,192],"for":[26,83,102,240],"vehicles,":[28],"introduced.":[30],"Using":[31],"such":[32,48],"framework,":[34],"we":[35],"can":[36,78,220],"model":[37,157],"and":[38,53,60,71,85,99,108,119,148,173,224,237],"simulate":[39],"performance":[41,181,199],"during":[45],"its":[46,163],"usage,":[47],"as":[49,152],"charge,":[51],"discharge,":[52],"idle":[54],"status,":[55],"impacts":[57,95,233],"internal":[59],"external":[61,167],"temperature,":[62,209],"manufacturing":[64,86,97,109,115,177,225,235],"quality":[65,178],"on":[66,179],"joints,":[67,166],"cell":[69,207],"capacity":[70],"balance":[72],"management,":[73],"etc.":[74,216],"Such":[75,217],"provide":[79,238],"quantitative":[81],"tool":[82],"design":[84,223],"engineers":[87,226],"to":[88,112,123,130,142,196,227],"predict":[89],"performance,":[92,230],"investigate":[93,231],"process,":[98],"obtain":[100],"feedback":[101,239],"improvement":[103],"design,":[106],"control,":[107],"processes.":[110],"Note":[111],"Practitioners-Automotive":[113],"has":[116,139,182],"become":[117],"more":[118,120],"due":[122],"need":[125],"alternative":[127],"energy":[128],"source":[129],"gasoline":[131],"powered":[132],"engines.":[133],"Although":[134],"substantial":[135],"amount":[136],"attention":[138],"been":[140,184],"paid":[141],"study":[143],"both":[144],"individual":[145],"cells":[147],"pack":[151],"whole,":[154],"includes":[159],"interactions":[160],"all":[162],"(cells,":[165],"inputs,":[168],"etc.)":[169],"not":[171,183],"available,":[172],"impact":[175],"investigated.":[185],"developed":[195],"evaluate":[197,228],"under":[200],"different":[201],"circumstances,":[202],"involving":[203],"issues":[205],"capacity,":[208],"driving":[210],"profile,":[211],"joint":[213],"(manufacturing)":[214],"quality,":[215],"help":[221],"practices,":[236],"improvement.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}