{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4207041469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tale52509.2021.9678544","title":"Differences in learning engagement, academic workload, and technology use during online learning: a comparison among primary, middle, and high school students","display_name":"Differences in learning engagement, academic workload, and technology use during online learning: a comparison among primary, middle, and high school students","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4207041469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tale52509.2021.9678544"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tale52509.2021.9678544","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tale52509.2021.9678544","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology &amp; Education (TALE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107746913","display_name":"Mingzhang Zuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8853-6359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhang Zuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107954053","display_name":"Haoyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8246-7056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101838662","display_name":"Yue Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-5136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065279927","display_name":"Yao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2106-1350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029326556","display_name":"Heng Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-8885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"774","last_page":"779"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14182","display_name":"Technology-Enhanced Education Studies","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.8414881229400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6544070243835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-learning","display_name":"Online learning","score":0.5454826951026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.5296570658683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-engagement","display_name":"Student engagement","score":0.5284214615821838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5210187435150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4444606900215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4271014928817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.41738396883010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.22688016295433044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.8414881229400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6544070243835449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986087404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15946010","display_name":"Online learning","level":2,"score":0.5454826951026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5296570658683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194519906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627827","display_name":"Student engagement","level":2,"score":0.5284214615821838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5210187435150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4444606900215149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4271014928817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.41738396883010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.22688016295433044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tale52509.2021.9678544","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tale52509.2021.9678544","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology &amp; Education (TALE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518263401","https://openalex.org/W1988190128","https://openalex.org/W1998629555","https://openalex.org/W2010988892","https://openalex.org/W2033600174","https://openalex.org/W2048311782","https://openalex.org/W2063926037","https://openalex.org/W2115091876","https://openalex.org/W2121218007","https://openalex.org/W2167811808","https://openalex.org/W2169570446","https://openalex.org/W2169902241","https://openalex.org/W2504971106","https://openalex.org/W2546975686","https://openalex.org/W2595727194","https://openalex.org/W2747342395","https://openalex.org/W2776550577","https://openalex.org/W2789743004","https://openalex.org/W2791087214","https://openalex.org/W2795669339","https://openalex.org/W2902074321","https://openalex.org/W3000305947","https://openalex.org/W3156734908","https://openalex.org/W6677210173","https://openalex.org/W6743236211","https://openalex.org/W6747268048"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W1480123525","https://openalex.org/W2620865396","https://openalex.org/W2414054180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"of":[1,19,51,84,109,126,133],"the":[2,17,60,99,106,131],"existing":[3],"research":[4],"studies":[5],"on":[6],"K-12":[7,11,127],"education":[8,129],"usually":[9],"regard":[10],"as":[12,37],"a":[13],"whole,":[14],"but":[15],"ignore":[16],"differences":[18,61,91],"grades":[20],"and":[21,33,65,71,78,82,95],"phases.":[22,101],"In":[23],"fact,":[24],"students":[25,74,104],"at":[26],"different":[27],"school":[28,73,103,113],"phases":[29],"have":[30],"distinct":[31],"characteristics":[32],"behavior":[34],"habits":[35,83],"such":[36],"their":[38,49,80],"cognitive":[39],"development,":[40],"online":[41,55,76,128],"learning":[42,52,63],"experiences,":[43],"workload,":[44],"etc.,":[45],"which":[46],"may":[47],"affect":[48],"achievements":[50],"goals":[53],"in":[54,62,92,130],"learning.":[56],"This":[57],"study":[58],"examined":[59],"engagement":[64,94],"academic":[66,96,116],"workload":[67,97],"among":[68,98],"elementary,":[69],"middle,":[70],"high":[72,112],"during":[75],"learning,":[77],"analyzed":[79],"preferences":[81],"technology":[85],"uses.":[86],"The":[87],"results":[88],"revealed":[89],"significant":[90],"student":[93],"three":[100],"Middle":[102],"had":[105],"highest":[107],"scores":[108],"engagements,":[110],"while":[111],"suffered":[114],"most":[115],"workloads.":[117],"These":[118],"findings":[119],"are":[120],"expected":[121],"to":[122],"extend":[123],"our":[124],"understanding":[125],"context":[132],"China.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
