{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417056910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3640597","title":"AI-Based Automatic Prostate Gland Segmentation in Multi-modal Medical Imaging: A Review","display_name":"AI-Based Automatic Prostate Gland Segmentation in Multi-modal Medical Imaging: A Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417056910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3640597"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2025.3640597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3640597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114021990","display_name":"Doudou Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2413-2601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Doudou Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China","School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9120-6158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024426547","display_name":"Rui Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China","School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6960-082X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371061","display_name":"Lu Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9253-0019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China","School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3901-7032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102738329","display_name":"Derun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0512-6684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130930","display_name":"Peking University First Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02z1vqm45","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China","School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3866-2275","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130930","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031688232","display_name":"Dehui Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7873-9778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dehui Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIPAV Lab, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7873-9778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIPAV Lab, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027679708","display_name":"Lei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5622-0449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159968","display_name":"Duke Kunshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04sr5ys16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210159968"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program of Medical Physics and Data Science Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5622-0449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program of Medical Physics and Data Science Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159968"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101691843","display_name":"Hailin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1343-5614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57093077","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hailing Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5009-4330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57093077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048091475","display_name":"Fei Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8878-6655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIPAV Lab, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","MIPAV Lab, the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8878-6655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIPAV Lab, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIPAV Lab, the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058024483","display_name":"Weifang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-4101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weifang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIPAV Lab, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","MIPAV Lab, the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-4101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIPAV Lab, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIPAV Lab, the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085769786","display_name":"Jing Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6573-8773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6934-0108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113956224","display_name":"Enting Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9412-7371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enting Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9814-914X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079807652","display_name":"Xinjian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0871-293X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinjian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eye Institute, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0871-293X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eye Institute, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005022182","display_name":"Tao Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0848-7901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0848-7901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52105275,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"6","first_page":"3034","last_page":"3049"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10124","display_name":"Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.5590000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10124","display_name":"Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.5590000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0868000015616417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.06480000168085098,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostate-cancer","display_name":"Prostate cancer","score":0.7451000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7322999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostate","display_name":"Prostate","score":0.5972999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prostate-gland","display_name":"Prostate gland","score":0.541100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.31529998779296875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780192828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181257","display_name":"Prostate cancer","level":3,"score":0.7451000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7322999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776235491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9625","display_name":"Prostate","level":3,"score":0.5972999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5723999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993530982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9625","display_name":"Prostate gland","level":4,"score":0.541100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5977147","display_name":"Medical literature","level":2,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911054351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9625","display_name":"Prostate Diseases","level":4,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106977388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2752427","display_name":"Medical research","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994223898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9625","display_name":"Prostate disease","level":4,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2025.3640597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3640597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1555058067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20231310","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3155774017","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371326","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5377776128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371328","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6286988782","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u606f\u8089\u6837\u8109\u7edc\u819c\u8840\u7ba1\u75c5\u53d8\u591a\u6e90\u5f02\u6784\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7b97\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61971298","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6637253045","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prostate":[0],"cancer":[1,171],"poses":[2],"a":[3,91,110,173],"significant":[4],"threat":[5],"to":[6,11,40],"health,":[7],"necessitating":[8],"early":[9],"detection":[10,166],"reduce":[12],"mortality":[13],"rates":[14],"among":[15],"patients.":[16],"One":[17],"approach":[18],"involves":[19],"using":[20],"multi-modality":[21],"(CT,":[22],"MRI,":[23],"US,":[24],"etc.)":[25],"computer-aided":[26],"diagnosis":[27],"(CAD)":[28],"systems":[29],"for":[30,64,133],"the":[31,43,46,62,134,140,145,158],"prostate":[32,35,117,170],"region.":[33],"However,":[34],"segmentation":[36,118,141],"is":[37],"challenging":[38],"due":[39],"imperfections":[41],"in":[42,67],"images":[44],"and":[45,56,74,103,124,136,143,152,167],"prostate\u2019s":[47],"complex":[48],"tissue":[49],"structure.":[50],"The":[51],"rise":[52],"of":[53,130,139,160,169],"precision":[54],"medicine":[55],"increased":[57],"clinical":[58],"demand":[59],"have":[60,78],"driven":[61],"need":[63],"data-driven":[65],"tasks":[66],"medical":[68,83],"imaging.":[69],"Recently,":[70],"numerous":[71],"machine":[72],"learning":[73],"data":[75],"mining":[76],"tools":[77],"been":[79],"integrated":[80],"into":[81],"various":[82],"areas,":[84],"including":[85],"image":[86],"segmentation.":[87],"This":[88],"paper":[89],"introduces":[90],"novel":[92],"classification":[93],"method":[94,142],"that":[95],"differentiates":[96],"supervision":[97],"types":[98],"based":[99],"on":[100,112],"their":[101,121],"quantity":[102],"nature":[104],"during":[105],"training.":[106],"Subsequently,":[107],"we":[108,127],"conducted":[109],"survey":[111],"artificial":[113],"intelligence":[114],"(AI)-based":[115],"automatic":[116],"methods,":[119],"evaluating":[120],"respective":[122],"strengths":[123],"limitations.":[125],"Additionally,":[126],"introduce":[128],"variants":[129],"evaluation":[131],"metrics":[132],"verification":[135],"performance":[137],"assessment":[138],"summarize":[144],"current":[146],"challenges.":[147],"Finally,":[148],"future":[149],"research":[150],"directions":[151],"development":[153],"trends":[154],"are":[155],"discussed,":[156],"reflecting":[157],"outcomes":[159],"our":[161],"literature":[162],"survey,":[163],"suggesting":[164],"high-precision":[165],"treatment":[168],"as":[172],"promising":[174],"avenue.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-05T00:00:00"}