{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415293143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3621121","title":"Latent Diffusion and Spatiotemporal Transformers Generate Large Ensemble Climate Simulations","display_name":"Latent Diffusion and Spatiotemporal Transformers Generate Large Ensemble Climate Simulations","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415293143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3621121"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2025.3621121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3621121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3621121","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006523424","display_name":"Johannes Meuer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3443-6761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800289517","display_name":"German Climate Computing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03ztgj037","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800289517"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Meuer","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1998-6699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800289517"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041539079","display_name":"Maximilian Witte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2923-8907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800289517","display_name":"German Climate Computing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03ztgj037","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800289517"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian Witte","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2923-8907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800289517"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071447945","display_name":"Tobias Sebastian Finn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9585-8349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142631665","display_name":"\u00c9cole nationale des ponts et chauss\u00e9es","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwvxz07","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142631665","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Sebastian Finn","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEREA, Joint Laboratory of Ecoles des Ponts and EDF R&D, Paris, France","CEREA, a joint laboratory of Ecoles des Ponts and EDF R&D, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9585-8349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEREA, Joint Laboratory of Ecoles des Ponts and EDF R&D, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142631665"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEREA, a joint laboratory of Ecoles des Ponts and EDF R&D, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142631665"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015497329","display_name":"Claudia Timmreck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5355-0426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163131","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Meteorology","ror":"https://ror.org/05esem239","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210163131"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Timmreck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5355-0426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163131","https://openalex.org/I159176309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083991929","display_name":"Thomas Ludwig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4020-6321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800289517","display_name":"German Climate Computing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03ztgj037","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800289517"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Ludwig","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7741-9511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800289517"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061544007","display_name":"Christopher Kadow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6537-3690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800289517","display_name":"German Climate Computing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/03ztgj037","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800289517"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Kadow","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6537-3690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800289517"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006523424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800289517"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25244632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"5","first_page":"2625","last_page":"2637"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9320999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9090999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6700999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.5651999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-model","display_name":"Climate model","score":0.5231999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.474700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.34630000591278076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6700999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.5651999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5558000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.5231999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.474700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987765510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate simulation","level":4,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32230216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7882499","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2025.3621121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3621121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2025.3621121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3621121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3947475604","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"398006378","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7072634351","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FOR 2820","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318393","display_name":"Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum","ror":"https://ror.org/03ztgj037"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544875105","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1971250671","https://openalex.org/W1984113680","https://openalex.org/W1989561469","https://openalex.org/W2015834247","https://openalex.org/W2025540709","https://openalex.org/W2032067579","https://openalex.org/W2063337234","https://openalex.org/W2092497323","https://openalex.org/W2337225114","https://openalex.org/W2606860335","https://openalex.org/W2948338333","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2980994438","https://openalex.org/W3013715872","https://openalex.org/W3048374358","https://openalex.org/W3105028353","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3157892829","https://openalex.org/W3169393354","https://openalex.org/W3194971105","https://openalex.org/W4206706211","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386071957","https://openalex.org/W4386708769","https://openalex.org/W4388654737","https://openalex.org/W4388660896","https://openalex.org/W4390872297","https://openalex.org/W4393319450","https://openalex.org/W4396534280","https://openalex.org/W4402647637","https://openalex.org/W7133224749","https://openalex.org/W7133227252"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"estimating":[1],"uncertainty":[2,129],"in":[3],"climate":[4,40,102,122,142],"scenarios":[5],"typically":[6],"demands":[7],"the":[8,69,72,78,87,106],"generation":[9,89],"of":[10,13,71,90,112,121,135],"large":[11,91],"ensembles":[12,42,92],"high-resolution":[14],"simulations,":[15],"a":[16,32,45,52,59,132],"process":[17],"that":[18,37,138],"is":[19],"both":[20],"computationally":[21],"expensive":[22],"and":[23,144],"memory":[24,96],"intensive.":[25],"To":[26],"address":[27],"this":[28],"challenge,":[29],"we":[30],"present":[31],"novel":[33],"deep":[34],"learning":[35],"framework":[36],"efficiently":[38],"generates":[39],"simulation":[41,114],"by":[43,104],"combining":[44],"variational":[46],"autoencoder":[47],"for":[48,117],"dimensionality":[49],"reduction":[50],"with":[51,94],"denoising":[53],"diffusion":[54],"probabilistic":[55],"model":[56],"based":[57],"on":[58,77],"spatio-temporal":[60],"transformer":[61],"architecture.":[62],"This":[63,98],"innovative":[64],"approach":[65],"not":[66],"only":[67],"captures":[68],"variability":[70],"original":[73],"ensemble,":[74],"as":[75],"validated":[76],"Max":[79],"Planck":[80],"Institute":[81],"Grand":[82],"Ensemble,":[83],"but":[84],"also":[85],"enables":[86],"rapid":[88],"on-the-fly":[93],"minimal":[95],"usage.":[97],"capability":[99],"can":[100,139],"transform":[101],"research":[103],"eliminating":[105],"need":[107],"to":[108],"store":[109],"vast":[110],"amounts":[111],"pre-calculated":[113],"data,":[115],"allowing":[116],"more":[118,127],"extensive":[119],"exploration":[120],"scenarios.":[123],"These":[124],"advances":[125],"support":[126],"efficient":[128],"quantification,":[130],"providing":[131],"broad":[133],"range":[134],"possible":[136],"outcomes":[137],"effectively":[140],"inform":[141],"policy":[143],"adaptation":[145],"strategies.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T06:06:40.768181","created_date":"2025-10-18T00:00:00"}