{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413925208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3605117","title":"Watermarking Language Models Through Language Models","display_name":"Watermarking Language Models Through Language Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413925208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3605117"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2025.3605117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3605117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072067470","display_name":"Agnibh Dasgupta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122266389","display_name":"University of Nebraska at Omaha","ror":"https://ror.org/04yrkc140","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agnibh Dasgupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7847-6644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011092437","display_name":"Abdullah All Tanvir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4153-1281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122266389","display_name":"University of Nebraska at Omaha","ror":"https://ror.org/04yrkc140","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah All Tanvir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4153-1281","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075649839","display_name":"Xin Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8339-9245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122266389","display_name":"University of Nebraska at Omaha","ror":"https://ror.org/04yrkc140","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8339-9245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8823,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77540539,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"1642","last_page":"1651"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.7055087089538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.595303475856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.5012242794036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.45107007026672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.36554890871047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30253997445106506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.12549227476119995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.7055087089538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.595303475856781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5012242794036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.45107007026672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36554890871047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30253997445106506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.12549227476119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2025.3605117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3605117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361629745","https://openalex.org/W2107922825","https://openalex.org/W3094285444","https://openalex.org/W1568204688","https://openalex.org/W2381262728","https://openalex.org/W2111592878","https://openalex.org/W1846726187","https://openalex.org/W1593964766","https://openalex.org/W2387614453","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Watermarking":[0],"the":[1,37,60,140,178,183],"outputs":[2,95],"of":[3,39,145,182],"large":[4],"language":[5],"models":[6],"(LLMs)":[7],"is":[8],"critical":[9],"for":[10],"provenance":[11],"tracing,":[12],"content":[13],"regulation,":[14],"and":[15,33,63,100,135,147,155,166,173,180],"model":[16,25,68,171],"accountability.":[17],"Existing":[18],"approaches":[19],"often":[20],"rely":[21],"on":[22,97],"access":[23,66],"to":[24,67,105,122],"internals":[26],"or":[27,70],"are":[28],"constrained":[29],"by":[30],"static":[31],"rules":[32],"token-level":[34],"perturbations.":[35],"Moreover,":[36],"idea":[38],"steering":[40],"generative":[41],"behavior":[42],"via":[43],"prompt-based":[44,174],"instruction":[45],"control":[46],"remains":[47],"largely":[48],"underexplored.":[49],"We":[50,138],"introduce":[51],"a":[52,79,89,101,108],"prompt-guided":[53],"watermarking":[54,84,119],"framework":[55,74,141],"that":[56,82,92,120,160],"operates":[57],"entirely":[58],"at":[59],"input":[61],"level":[62],"requires":[64],"no":[65],"parameters":[69],"decoding":[71],"logits.":[72],"The":[73],"comprises":[75],"three":[76],"cooperating":[77],"components:":[78],"Prompting":[80,146],"LM":[81,91,103],"synthesizes":[83],"instructions":[85],"from":[86],"user":[87],"prompts,":[88],"Marking":[90,148],"generates":[93],"watermarked":[94],"conditioned":[96],"these":[98],"instructions,":[99],"Detecting":[102],"trained":[104],"classify":[106],"whether":[107],"response":[109],"carries":[110],"an":[111],"embedded":[112],"watermark.":[113],"This":[114],"modular":[115],"design":[116],"enables":[117],"dynamic":[118],"adapts":[121],"individual":[123],"prompts":[124],"while":[125],"remaining":[126],"compatible":[127],"with":[128],"diverse":[129],"LLM":[130],"architectures,":[131],"including":[132],"both":[133],"proprietary":[134],"open-weight":[136],"models.":[137],"evaluate":[139],"over":[142],"25":[143],"combinations":[144],"LMs,":[149],"such":[150],"as":[151],"GPT-4o,":[152],"Mistral,":[153],"LLaMA3,":[154],"DeepSeek.":[156],"Experimental":[157],"results":[158],"show":[159],"watermark":[161],"signals":[162],"generalize":[163],"across":[164],"architectures":[165],"remain":[167],"robust":[168],"under":[169],"fine-tuning,":[170],"distillation,":[172],"adversarial":[175],"attacks,":[176],"demonstrating":[177],"effectiveness":[179],"robustness":[181],"proposed":[184],"approach.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
