{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412623156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3592157","title":"Optimizing ADHD Detection: An Autoencoder Approach for Multimodal Classification","display_name":"Optimizing ADHD Detection: An Autoencoder Approach for Multimodal Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412623156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3592157"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2025.3592157","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3592157","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025209323","display_name":"Christian Nash","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Nash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Sensing and Communications Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K","Intelligent Sensing and Communications Research Group, Newcastle University, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8184-1263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Sensing and Communications Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Sensing and Communications Research Group, Newcastle University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101863342","display_name":"Rajesh Nair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7223-4629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240202130","display_name":"Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/01ajv0n48","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240202130"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159842","display_name":"Museums Northumberland","ror":"https://ror.org/05qnpc206","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159842"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajesh Nair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adult ADHD Services, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear, NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","Adult ADHD Services, Cumbria, Northumberland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7223-4629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adult ADHD Services, Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear, NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240202130"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adult ADHD Services, Cumbria, Northumberland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159842"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053121936","display_name":"Syed Mohsen Naqvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1547-0908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Mohsen Naqvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Sensing and Communications Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K","Intelligent Sensing and Communications Research Group, Newcastle University, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1547-0908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Sensing and Communications Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Sensing and Communications Research Group, Newcastle University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.067,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77993116,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"1107","last_page":"1117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.8366000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.8366000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.8923181891441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5688289403915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49918198585510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45998257398605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-therapy","display_name":"Multimodal therapy","score":0.4424360394477844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3923097848892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2928829789161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.22237592935562134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotherapist","display_name":"Psychotherapist","score":0.12056112289428711}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.8923181891441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5688289403915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49918198585510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45998257398605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4441509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6418787","display_name":"Multimodal therapy","level":2,"score":0.4424360394477844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3923097848892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2928829789161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.22237592935562134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.12056112289428711}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2025.3592157","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2025.3592157","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2025210939","https://openalex.org/W2099917845","https://openalex.org/W2186549343","https://openalex.org/W2398269046","https://openalex.org/W2562637781","https://openalex.org/W2603085108","https://openalex.org/W2789955061","https://openalex.org/W2805409402","https://openalex.org/W2894381744","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963192978","https://openalex.org/W3010277136","https://openalex.org/W3014039739","https://openalex.org/W3014484706","https://openalex.org/W3113764227","https://openalex.org/W3132099480","https://openalex.org/W3138893983","https://openalex.org/W3185555465","https://openalex.org/W3187284521","https://openalex.org/W3215057584","https://openalex.org/W4210663539","https://openalex.org/W4226053671","https://openalex.org/W4283156058","https://openalex.org/W4293252684","https://openalex.org/W4307977436","https://openalex.org/W4319986904","https://openalex.org/W4384818245","https://openalex.org/W4385731885","https://openalex.org/W4388699643","https://openalex.org/W4390223790","https://openalex.org/W4390669464","https://openalex.org/W4392157583","https://openalex.org/W4401609625","https://openalex.org/W4403331803","https://openalex.org/W4403895174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220775285","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Attention":[0],"Deficit":[1],"Hyperactivity":[2],"Disorder":[3],"(ADHD)":[4],"is":[5,94,108,128,145,166],"commonly":[6],"found":[7],"in":[8,13,50,152,226],"children,":[9],"with":[10,52],"the":[11,38,45,53,73,99,102,133,153,158,170,173,180,211,227],"prevalence":[12],"adults":[14],"said":[15],"to":[16,24,71,78,83,97,110,118,150,168,178,223],"be":[17],"under-reported.":[18],"In":[19],"this":[20],"paper,":[21],"we":[22,188],"aim":[23],"detect":[25,84],"adult":[26],"ADHD":[27,41,48,85,139,204,224],"symptoms":[28,114,140],"using":[29],"two":[30],"autoencoder":[31,64],"architectures.":[32],"We":[33],"train":[34],"and":[35,57,195,200],"test":[36],"on":[37,121],"novel":[39],"multimodal":[40],"dataset":[42],"recorded":[43],"under":[44],"Intelligent":[46],"Sensing":[47],"Trial":[49],"collaboration":[51],"Cumbria,":[54],"Northumberland,":[55],"Tyne":[56],"Wear":[58],"NHS":[59],"Foundation":[60],"Trust,":[61],"UK.":[62],"The":[63,90,105,124],"architectures":[65],"perform":[66,79],"an":[67,216],"image":[68],"reconstruction":[69],"task":[70],"optimise":[72],"latent":[74],"bottleneck":[75],"feature":[76],"space":[77],"downstream":[80],"classification":[81,192,205],"tasks":[82],"subjects":[86],"or":[87],"control":[88],"participants.":[89],"RGB":[91],"video":[92],"data":[93,107,148,175],"specifically":[95],"exploited":[96],"inform":[98],"autoencoders":[100,159],"about":[101],"hyperactivity":[103,113],"symptoms.":[104,123,162],"Audio":[106],"used":[109],"further":[111],"support":[112,222],"while":[115],"also":[116],"hoping":[117],"gain":[119],"scope":[120],"inattentive":[122],"self":[125],"report":[126],"questionnaire":[127],"a":[129,146,190,207],"subjective":[130,209],"measure,":[131],"where":[132],"individual":[134,174],"can":[135,219],"provide":[136,220],"details":[137],"of":[138,172,197],"that":[141,215],"they":[142],"experience.":[143],"It":[144],"vital":[147],"source":[149],"include":[151],"proposed":[154,212],"work":[155,213],"for":[156],"providing":[157],"previously":[160],"unidentifiable":[161],"An":[163],"ablation":[164],"study":[165],"undertaken":[167],"demonstrate":[169],"effectiveness":[171],"modality,":[176],"attempting":[177],"distinguish":[179],"associated":[181],"discriminatory":[182],"power.":[183],"Using":[184],"rigorous":[185],"validation":[186],"techniques,":[187],"achieve":[189],"state-of-the-art":[191],"accuracy,":[193],"sensitivity":[194],"specificity":[196],"98.9%,":[198],"99.2%":[199],"98.5%":[201],"respectively.":[202],"With":[203],"being":[206],"preliminary":[208],"decision,":[210],"demonstrates":[214],"objective":[217],"system":[218],"robust":[221],"clinicians":[225],"future.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}