{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400643968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2024.3428520","title":"A Human-in-the-Middle Attack Against Object Detection Systems","display_name":"A Human-in-the-Middle Attack Against Object Detection Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400643968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2024.3428520"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2024.3428520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2024.3428520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/137466/1/A_Human-in-the-Middle_Attack_against_Object_Detection_Systems.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403062","display_name":"Han Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1778-1814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1778-1814","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000889175","display_name":"Sareh Rowlands","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6783-3064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sareh Rowlands","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6783-3064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048646105","display_name":"Johan Wahlstr\u00f6m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2058-0834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johan Wahlstr\u00f6m","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2058-0834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9164,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78477897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"10","first_page":"4884","last_page":"4892"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8849999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8849999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.858299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.7829999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5254634618759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5229642987251282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47879037261009216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.45836007595062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4507859945297241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3420354127883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.2448333203792572}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5254634618759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5229642987251282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47879037261009216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.45836007595062256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4507859945297241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3420354127883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2448333203792572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2024.3428520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2024.3428520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ore.exeter.ac.uk:10871/137466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10871/137466","pdf_url":"https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/137466/1/A_Human-in-the-Middle_Attack_against_Object_Detection_Systems.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401998","display_name":"Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","host_organization_name":"University of Exeter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/29811779","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal contribution"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ore.exeter.ac.uk:10871/137466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10871/137466","pdf_url":"https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/137466/1/A_Human-in-the-Middle_Attack_against_Object_Detection_Systems.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401998","display_name":"Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","host_organization_name":"University of Exeter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400643968.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400643968.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9657784","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2604505099","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2886545464","https://openalex.org/W2910922521","https://openalex.org/W2953610242","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963726920","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964121718","https://openalex.org/W2965198951","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3047891567","https://openalex.org/W3082558286","https://openalex.org/W3095708085","https://openalex.org/W3097573595","https://openalex.org/W3103836116","https://openalex.org/W3126650150","https://openalex.org/W3168321395","https://openalex.org/W3185095134","https://openalex.org/W3196813118","https://openalex.org/W3200450146","https://openalex.org/W3204155906","https://openalex.org/W3210780202","https://openalex.org/W4246399668","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4304141734","https://openalex.org/W4313138527","https://openalex.org/W4317547480","https://openalex.org/W4385322376","https://openalex.org/W4385356567","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6734629475","https://openalex.org/W6739868092","https://openalex.org/W6740552771","https://openalex.org/W6753760972","https://openalex.org/W6765410593","https://openalex.org/W6777046832","https://openalex.org/W6785400368","https://openalex.org/W6800446943","https://openalex.org/W6848588037"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2775347418","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Object":[0],"detection":[1,51,86],"systems":[2],"using":[3],"deep":[4,134],"learning":[5,135],"models":[6,33,136],"have":[7],"become":[8],"increasingly":[9],"popular":[10],"in":[11,28,63,137],"robotics":[12],"thanks":[13],"to":[14,36,49],"the":[15,50,75,78,85,103,108,121],"rising":[16],"power":[17],"of":[18,123,133],"central":[19],"processing":[20,25],"units":[21,26],"(CPUs)":[22],"and":[23,73,84],"graphics":[24],"(GPUs)":[27],"embedded":[29],"systems.":[30],"However,":[31],"these":[32],"are":[34,42],"susceptible":[35],"adversarial":[37,70,124],"attacks.":[38],"While":[39],"some":[40],"attacks":[41,62],"limited":[43],"by":[44,60,97],"strict":[45],"assumptions":[46],"on":[47],"access":[48],"system,":[52],"we":[53,118],"propose":[54],"a":[55,68,89],"novel":[56],"hardware":[57,90],"attack":[58,66,109],"inspired":[59],"Man-in-the-Middle":[61],"cryptography.":[64],"This":[65],"generates":[67],"universal":[69,79],"perturbations":[71],"(UAPs)":[72],"injects":[74],"perturbation":[76],"between":[77],"serial":[80],"bus":[81],"(USB)":[82],"camera":[83],"system":[87],"via":[88],"attack.":[91],"Besides,":[92],"prior":[93],"research":[94],"is":[95],"misled":[96],"an":[98],"evaluation":[99,116],"metric":[100],"that":[101],"measures":[102],"model":[104],"accuracy":[105],"rather":[106],"than":[107],"performance.":[110],"In":[111],"combination":[112],"with":[113],"our":[114],"proposed":[115],"metrics,":[117],"significantly":[119],"increased":[120],"strength":[122],"perturbations.":[125],"These":[126],"findings":[127],"raise":[128],"serious":[129],"concerns":[130],"for":[131],"applications":[132],"safety-critical":[138],"systems,":[139],"such":[140],"as":[141],"autonomous":[142],"driving.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}