{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388430318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2023.3329786","title":"Bootstrap-Based Layerwise Refining for Causal Structure Learning","display_name":"Bootstrap-Based Layerwise Refining for Causal Structure Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388430318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2023.3329786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2023.3329786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2023.3329786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046625997","display_name":"Goh Yu Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7537-0907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guodu Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with the Big Data of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7537-0907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with the Big Data of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100618081","display_name":"Hao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5963-6252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with the Big Data of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5963-6252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with the Big Data of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100719462","display_name":"Kui Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2442-4572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kui Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with the Big Data of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2442-4572","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with the Big Data of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042458863","display_name":"Xianjie Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0656-2309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianjie Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with the Big Data of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0656-2309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with the Big Data of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013223614","display_name":"Fuyuan Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1111-8461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181877577","display_name":"Shanxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03y3e3s17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuyuan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1111-8461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114973839","display_name":"Yukun Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9843-3505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16365422","display_name":"Hefei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czkny70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yukun Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with the Big Data of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9843-3505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with the Big Data of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9518,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7958223,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"6","first_page":"2708","last_page":"2722"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9472000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9433000087738037,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skeleton","display_name":"Skeleton (computer programming)","score":0.7070435285568237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6352261900901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6112618446350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-network","display_name":"Bayesian network","score":0.5528716444969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5401081442832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.4859008193016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46166497468948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.4521206021308899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independence","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","score":0.4490155875682831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refining","display_name":"Refining (metallurgy)","score":0.43298566341400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34880220890045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19846343994140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15770813822746277}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18969341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1169129","display_name":"Skeleton (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.7070435285568237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6352261900901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6112618446350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.5528716444969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5401081442832947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.4859008193016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46166497468948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.4521206021308899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.4490155875682831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60044698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283324","display_name":"Refining (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.43298566341400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34880220890045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19846343994140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15770813822746277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2023.3329786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2023.3329786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2573761747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4473816824","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7198377615","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZD0111801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517993545","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W2103659055","https://openalex.org/W2134240743","https://openalex.org/W2163687466","https://openalex.org/W2165190832","https://openalex.org/W2486285194","https://openalex.org/W2788891493","https://openalex.org/W2808679659","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2925608410","https://openalex.org/W2950093057","https://openalex.org/W2980630660","https://openalex.org/W2995750307","https://openalex.org/W2997546679","https://openalex.org/W3006419771","https://openalex.org/W3044971416","https://openalex.org/W3101227657","https://openalex.org/W3103539622","https://openalex.org/W3127524721","https://openalex.org/W3133932964","https://openalex.org/W3194918895","https://openalex.org/W3206842362","https://openalex.org/W4210339239","https://openalex.org/W4282937133","https://openalex.org/W4282942756","https://openalex.org/W4283030109","https://openalex.org/W4295346149","https://openalex.org/W4302423442","https://openalex.org/W4306317088","https://openalex.org/W4313181443","https://openalex.org/W4318476511","https://openalex.org/W4364322759","https://openalex.org/W4386453436","https://openalex.org/W6635184767","https://openalex.org/W6638557351","https://openalex.org/W6675531789","https://openalex.org/W6679948214","https://openalex.org/W6683167872","https://openalex.org/W6752921506","https://openalex.org/W6754506371","https://openalex.org/W6761805307","https://openalex.org/W6762856758","https://openalex.org/W6767750290","https://openalex.org/W6767758232","https://openalex.org/W6770468153","https://openalex.org/W6773110963","https://openalex.org/W6796271631"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595345252","https://openalex.org/W2392526918","https://openalex.org/W2362540361","https://openalex.org/W2019560916","https://openalex.org/W2361983698","https://openalex.org/W2347697528","https://openalex.org/W2354123794","https://openalex.org/W2372508235","https://openalex.org/W2560036917","https://openalex.org/W2349506406"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"causal":[1,9,42,121,135],"structures":[2],"from":[3],"observational":[4],"data":[5,57,65],"is":[6],"critical":[7],"for":[8,134],"discovery":[10],"and":[11,33],"many":[12,72],"machine":[13],"learning":[14,82],"tasks.":[15],"Traditional":[16],"constraint-based":[17],"methods":[18,197],"first":[19],"adopt":[20],"conditional":[21],"independence":[22],"(CI)":[23],"tests":[24,50,74],"to":[25,39,85,100,143,157,182],"learn":[26],"a":[27,41,128,151,173],"global":[28,160,186],"skeleton":[29,81,97,103,111,114,154,161,175],"layer":[30,32,78,162,164],"by":[31,163],"then":[34],"orient":[35,184],"the":[36,45,54,62,80,90,95,102,113,145,159,167,185,195,199],"undirected":[37],"edges":[38],"obtain":[40],"structure.":[43,122],"However,":[44],"reliability":[46],"of":[47,56,64,92,105],"these":[48],"statistical":[49],"largely":[51],"depends":[52],"on":[53,166,198],"quality":[55],"samples.":[58],"In":[59,123],"real-life":[60],"scenarios,":[61],"presence":[63],"noise":[66],"or":[67],"limited":[68],"samples":[69],"often":[70],"makes":[71],"CI":[73],"unreliable":[75,110],"at":[76],"each":[77],"in":[79,118],"phase,":[83],"leading":[84],"an":[86,109,119],"inaccurate":[87,96],"skeleton.":[88,187],"As":[89],"number":[91],"layers":[93],"increases,":[94],"will":[98],"continue":[99],"impair":[101],"construction":[104],"subsequent":[106],"layers.":[107],"Furthermore,":[108],"hampers":[112],"orientation":[115,176],"procedure,":[116],"resulting":[117],"unsatisfactory":[120],"this":[124],"paper,":[125],"we":[126],"propose":[127],"Bootstrap-based":[129],"Layer-wise":[130],"Refining":[131],"(BLR)":[132],"algorithm":[133],"structure":[136],"learning,":[137],"which":[138],"includes":[139],"two":[140],"new":[141],"procedures":[142],"solve":[144],"above":[146],"problems.":[147],"First,":[148],"BLR":[149,171,193],"utilizes":[150],"novel":[152],"layer-wise":[153],"refining":[155],"procedure":[156,177],"construct":[158],"based":[165],"bootstrap":[168],"sampling.":[169],"Second,":[170],"employs":[172],"collective":[174],"that":[178,192],"incorporates":[179],"scoring":[180],"techniques":[181],"collectively":[183],"The":[188],"experimental":[189],"results":[190],"show":[191],"outperforms":[194],"state-ofthe-art":[196],"benchmark":[200],"Bayesian":[201],"Network":[202],"datasets.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
