{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321780005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2023.3246959","title":"Gaussian Switch Sampling: A Second-Order Approach to Active Learning","display_name":"Gaussian Switch Sampling: A Second-Order Approach to Active Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321780005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2023.3246959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2023.3246959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2023.3246959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085156570","display_name":"Ryan Benkert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9634-9359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Benkert","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9634-9359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010958338","display_name":"Mohit Prabhushankar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8743-7058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Prabhushankar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8743-7058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006145139","display_name":"Ghassan AlRegib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6818-8001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghassan AlRegib","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6818-8001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027493154","display_name":"Armin Pacharmi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292974536","display_name":"Ford Motor Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Pacharmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068699791","display_name":"Enrique Corona","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292974536","display_name":"Ford Motor Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Corona","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1211,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89425088,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"38","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6797193288803101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6672554612159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6031619310379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6016072630882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5300336480140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5058391094207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5029270052909851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.49941372871398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4341888129711151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.41905906796455383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3232232332229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.1895495057106018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13837727904319763}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6797193288803101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6672554612159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6031619310379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6016072630882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5300336480140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5058391094207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5029270052909851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.49941372871398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4341888129711151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.41905906796455383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3232232332229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.1895495057106018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13837727904319763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2023.3246959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2023.3246959","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W603830301","https://openalex.org/W1580210754","https://openalex.org/W1666672054","https://openalex.org/W1872312298","https://openalex.org/W2011674654","https://openalex.org/W2104848109","https://openalex.org/W2128677288","https://openalex.org/W2159574904","https://openalex.org/W2171960770","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2560647685","https://openalex.org/W2596535828","https://openalex.org/W2767623047","https://openalex.org/W2798820905","https://openalex.org/W2903158431","https://openalex.org/W2911333381","https://openalex.org/W2949071206","https://openalex.org/W2951061410","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963588172","https://openalex.org/W2970652577","https://openalex.org/W2980692935","https://openalex.org/W3037355691","https://openalex.org/W3043437699","https://openalex.org/W3090434739","https://openalex.org/W3091150073","https://openalex.org/W3091518487","https://openalex.org/W3110039477","https://openalex.org/W3120338137","https://openalex.org/W3137603776","https://openalex.org/W3180672483","https://openalex.org/W3193388496","https://openalex.org/W3195951188","https://openalex.org/W3213536824","https://openalex.org/W4211061250","https://openalex.org/W4283691944","https://openalex.org/W4285182067","https://openalex.org/W4296548780","https://openalex.org/W4308236844","https://openalex.org/W4394639701","https://openalex.org/W6618476874","https://openalex.org/W6630965568","https://openalex.org/W6637001620","https://openalex.org/W6639393196","https://openalex.org/W6677919164","https://openalex.org/W6735374517","https://openalex.org/W6739651123","https://openalex.org/W6744102197","https://openalex.org/W6745907806","https://openalex.org/W6747231328","https://openalex.org/W6747438826","https://openalex.org/W6752540598","https://openalex.org/W6755174528","https://openalex.org/W6756615331","https://openalex.org/W6757248479","https://openalex.org/W6757555829","https://openalex.org/W6758759751","https://openalex.org/W6763607942","https://openalex.org/W6764588566","https://openalex.org/W6765715182","https://openalex.org/W6769142653","https://openalex.org/W6790050283","https://openalex.org/W6791836043","https://openalex.org/W6798999318","https://openalex.org/W6802903043","https://openalex.org/W6842955328"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W3154990682","https://openalex.org/W4281727072","https://openalex.org/W2560201613","https://openalex.org/W2171975302","https://openalex.org/W2022352247","https://openalex.org/W2377538627","https://openalex.org/W2107220315","https://openalex.org/W1589637664","https://openalex.org/W2142809053"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"active":[1,39,82],"learning,":[2],"acquisition":[3],"functions":[4],"define":[5,86],"informativeness":[6],"directly":[7],"on":[8,159],"the":[9,13,33,79,116,122,133],"representation":[10,27,102],"position":[11],"within":[12,78],"model":[14,57,117],"manifold.":[15],"However,":[16],"for":[17],"most":[18],"machine":[19],"learning":[20,40],"models":[21],"(in":[22],"particular":[23],"neural":[24,92],"networks)":[25],"this":[26,64],"is":[28,148],"not":[29,55],"fixed":[30],"due":[31],"to":[32,48,59,153,176],"training":[34,98,125],"pool":[35],"fluctuations":[36],"in":[37],"between":[38],"rounds.":[41],"Therefore,":[42],"several":[43],"popular":[44,182],"strategies":[45],"are":[46,119],"sensitive":[47],"experiment":[49],"parameters":[50],"(e.g.,":[51],"architecture)":[52],"and":[53,75,151,166],"do":[54],"consider":[56],"robustness":[58],"out-of-distribution":[60,164],"settings.":[61],"To":[62],"alleviate":[63],"issue,":[65],"we":[66,85,131],"propose":[67],"a":[68,91,95],"grounded":[69],"second-order":[70,101],"definition":[71,108],"of":[72,81,100,124,174],"information":[73],"content":[74],"sample":[76,96],"importance":[77,87,112],"context":[80],"learning.":[83],"Specifically,":[84],"by":[88,121,128],"how":[89],"often":[90],"network":[93],"\u201cforgets\u201d":[94],"during":[97],"artifacts":[99],"shifts.":[103],"We":[104,142,170],"show":[105,143],"that":[106,144],"our":[107,129],"produces":[109],"highly":[110],"accurate":[111],"scores":[113],"even":[114],"when":[115,178],"representations":[118],"constrained":[120],"lack":[123],"data.":[126],"Motivated":[127],"analysis,":[130],"develop":[132],"Gaussian":[134],"switch":[135],"sampling":[136],"(":[137],"<monospace":[138,145],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[139,146],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">GauSS</monospace>":[140,147],").":[141],"setup":[149],"agnostic":[150],"robust":[152],"anomalous":[154],"distributions":[155],"with":[156],"exhaustive":[157],"experiments":[158],"three":[160,163,167],"in-distribution":[161],"benchmarks,":[162,165],"different":[168],"architectures.":[169],"report":[171],"an":[172],"improvement":[173],"up":[175],"5%":[177],"compared":[179],"against":[180],"four":[181],"query":[183],"strategies.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
