{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3195708967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3139055","title":"PIVODL: Privacy-Preserving Vertical Federated Learning Over Distributed Labels","display_name":"PIVODL: Privacy-Preserving Vertical Federated Learning Over Distributed Labels","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3195708967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3139055","mag":"3195708967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2021.3139055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3139055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.tudelft.nl/file/File_a8f568a0-eb3f-4bf6-b24b-a4c59a8b5b1b","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101771234","display_name":"Hangyu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0352-2069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hangyu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0352-2069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431156","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-3631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-3631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032314861","display_name":"Yaochu Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1100-0631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","display_name":"Bielefeld University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaochu Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nature Inspired Computing and Engineering Group, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany","Department of Computer Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1100-0631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nature Inspired Computing and Engineering Group, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001485404","display_name":"Kaitai Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0262-7678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaitai Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0262-7678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101771234"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4996,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93794092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"5","first_page":"988","last_page":"1001"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8518741130828857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8102446794509888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.7280480861663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-learning","display_name":"Distributed learning","score":0.6366081833839417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-privacy","display_name":"Differential privacy","score":0.6198391914367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5254658460617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5055227279663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46817654371261597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.4662935137748718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45607712864875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.33080196380615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3208557963371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.19496208429336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18738722801208496}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8518741130828857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8102446794509888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.7280480861663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.6366081833839417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23130292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275358","display_name":"Differential privacy","level":2,"score":0.6198391914367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5254658460617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5055227279663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46817654371261597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.4662935137748718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45607712864875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33080196380615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3208557963371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.19496208429336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18738722801208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2021.3139055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3139055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:44f83d7c-20bd-4ba3-bdda-f3f95ca10d90","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:44f83d7c-20bd-4ba3-bdda-f3f95ca10d90","pdf_url":"https://repository.tudelft.nl/file/File_a8f568a0-eb3f-4bf6-b24b-a4c59a8b5b1b","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pub.uni-bielefeld.de:2983127","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TAI.2021.3139055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401670","display_name":"PUB \u2013 Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","host_organization_name":"Bielefeld University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:44f83d7c-20bd-4ba3-bdda-f3f95ca10d90","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:44f83d7c-20bd-4ba3-bdda-f3f95ca10d90","pdf_url":"https://repository.tudelft.nl/file/File_a8f568a0-eb3f-4bf6-b24b-a4c59a8b5b1b","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3195708967.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3195708967.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W655626130","https://openalex.org/W1493893823","https://openalex.org/W1557833142","https://openalex.org/W1873763122","https://openalex.org/W1973948212","https://openalex.org/W2053637704","https://openalex.org/W2085988980","https://openalex.org/W2100830825","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2109426455","https://openalex.org/W2129603526","https://openalex.org/W2130486630","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2183863591","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2498119267","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2585502432","https://openalex.org/W2746530484","https://openalex.org/W2767023267","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2773194476","https://openalex.org/W2777914285","https://openalex.org/W2781091734","https://openalex.org/W2793216106","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2945752848","https://openalex.org/W2969990622","https://openalex.org/W2970606380","https://openalex.org/W2977527445","https://openalex.org/W2984242138","https://openalex.org/W2989959164","https://openalex.org/W2996786840","https://openalex.org/W3014541599","https://openalex.org/W3016632787","https://openalex.org/W3017228762","https://openalex.org/W3043303805","https://openalex.org/W3049595782","https://openalex.org/W3096242961","https://openalex.org/W3101860164","https://openalex.org/W3102476541","https://openalex.org/W3109090002","https://openalex.org/W3164712068","https://openalex.org/W3167807612","https://openalex.org/W3193351399","https://openalex.org/W3196371845","https://openalex.org/W4298067070","https://openalex.org/W4298221930","https://openalex.org/W4318619660","https://openalex.org/W6629380029","https://openalex.org/W6663928093","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6746388805","https://openalex.org/W6746720608","https://openalex.org/W6749824362","https://openalex.org/W6768643302","https://openalex.org/W6770792298","https://openalex.org/W6771884525","https://openalex.org/W6776157305","https://openalex.org/W6780438843","https://openalex.org/W6785500803"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4366307888","https://openalex.org/W4286971788","https://openalex.org/W3199340467","https://openalex.org/W3157608626","https://openalex.org/W3132132958","https://openalex.org/W4322580403","https://openalex.org/W3193217249","https://openalex.org/W4321612632","https://openalex.org/W3021849752","https://openalex.org/W4280591108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,9,84,143,148,156,184,252],"(FL)":[2],"is":[3,144,173],"an":[4,186],"emerging":[5],"privacy":[6,105,152],"preserving":[7],"machine":[8,147],"protocol":[10],"that":[11,51,125,172,189,206],"allows":[12,222],"multiple":[13,98,212,244],"devices":[14],"to":[15,90,108,224,249,253],"collaboratively":[16],"train":[17,91],"a":[18,75,145,165,226,254],"shared":[19],"global":[20],"model":[21,130],"without":[22],"revealing":[23],"their":[24],"private":[25],"local":[26],"data.":[27,45],"Nonparametric":[28],"models":[29],"like":[30],"gradient":[31],"boosting":[32],"decision":[33],"trees":[34],"(GBDTs)":[35],"have":[36],"been":[37,202],"commonly":[38],"used":[39],"in":[40,70,176,219,232],"FL":[41,78],"for":[42,66,151],"vertically":[43,169],"partitioned":[44,161,170],"However,":[46,180],"all":[47,52],"these":[48],"studies":[49],"assume":[50],"the":[53,134,177,234],"data":[54,94,171,190,208],"labels":[55,88,95,191,209,235],"are":[56,106,137,192],"stored":[57],"on":[58,97,159,194,211,239,243],"only":[59,164,195],"one":[60,196,240],"client,":[61],"which":[62,233],"may":[63,236],"be":[64],"unrealistic":[65,187],"real-world":[67,258],"applications.":[68],"Therefore,":[69],"this":[71,220],"article,":[72],"we":[73],"propose":[74],"secure":[76,227],"vertical":[77,82,182,228],"framework,":[79],"named":[80],"privacy-preserving":[81],"federated":[83,155,183,229,251],"system":[85],"over":[86],"distributed":[87,96,146,193,210,237],"(PIVODL),":[89],"GBDTs":[92],"with":[93,163],"devices.":[99,214],"Both":[100],"homomorphic":[101],"encryption":[102],"and":[103,118,129,198],"differential":[104],"adopted":[107],"prevent":[109],"label":[110],"information":[111,127],"from":[112],"being":[113],"leaked":[114],"through":[115],"transmitted":[116],"gradients":[117],"leaf":[119],"values.":[120],"Our":[121],"experimental":[122],"results":[123],"show":[124],"both":[126],"leakage":[128],"performance":[131],"degradation":[132],"of":[133,257],"proposed":[135,150],"PIVODL":[136,216],"negligible.":[138],"<p":[139],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[140],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><i>Impact":[141],"Statement</i>\u2014Federated":[142],"framework":[149,217],"preservation.":[153],"Most":[154],"algorithms":[157],"work":[158],"horizontally":[160],"data,":[162],"few":[166],"exceptions":[167],"considering":[168],"widely":[174],"seen":[175],"real":[178],"world.":[179],"existing":[181],"makes":[185],"assumption":[188],"device":[197,241],"no":[199],"research":[200],"has":[201],"reported":[203,218],"so":[204],"far":[205],"considers":[207],"client":[213],"The":[215],"article":[221],"us":[223],"build":[225],"XGBoost":[230],"system,":[231],"either":[238],"or":[242],"devices,":[245],"making":[246],"it":[247],"possible":[248],"apply":[250],"wider":[255],"range":[256],"problems.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
