{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206081915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3137091","title":"Building Trustworthy AI Solutions: A Case for Practical Solutions for Small Businesses","display_name":"Building Trustworthy AI Solutions: A Case for Practical Solutions for Small Businesses","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206081915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3137091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2021.3137091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3137091","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9078688/9184921/09658213.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9078688/9184921/09658213.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084629312","display_name":"Keeley Crockett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1941-6201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keeley Crockett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","Department of Computing and Mathematics at Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1941-6201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics at Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060965775","display_name":"Edwin Colyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5853-3673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Colyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Knowledge Exchange, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","Department of Computing and Mathematics at Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5853-3673","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Knowledge Exchange, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics at Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061925841","display_name":"Luciano Gerber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8423-4642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciano Gerber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","Department of Computing and Mathematics at Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8423-4642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics at Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065264813","display_name":"Annabel Latham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8410-7950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annabel Latham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","Department of Computing and Mathematics at Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8410-7950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Mathematics at Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084629312"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4908,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96703714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"778","last_page":"791"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14350","display_name":"Innovation, Sustainability, Human-Machine Systems","score":0.940500020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9390000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7486386299133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grassroots","display_name":"Grassroots","score":0.7182164192199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.656670093536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptualization","display_name":"Conceptualization","score":0.6544747352600098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.5402014851570129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.5338090062141418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5291227102279663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4429955780506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.3632155656814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.34915900230407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3258095979690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.19425421953201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1881808340549469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15117621421813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.14134392142295837}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7486386299133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781188222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929651","display_name":"Grassroots","level":3,"score":0.7182164192199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.656670093536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90734943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008777","display_name":"Conceptualization","level":2,"score":0.6544747352600098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5402014851570129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.5338090062141418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5291227102279663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4429955780506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3632155656814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34915900230407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3258095979690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.19425421953201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1881808340549469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15117621421813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.14134392142295837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2021.3137091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3137091","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9078688/9184921/09658213.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:e-space.mmu.ac.uk:629069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401617","display_name":"e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","host_organization_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2021.3137091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3137091","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9078688/9184921/09658213.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206081915.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206081915.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011301426","https://openalex.org/W2342249984","https://openalex.org/W2598912916","https://openalex.org/W2784773199","https://openalex.org/W2795807997","https://openalex.org/W2801228678","https://openalex.org/W2810546090","https://openalex.org/W2880383342","https://openalex.org/W2895020971","https://openalex.org/W2897042519","https://openalex.org/W2902634493","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2974071289","https://openalex.org/W2996541402","https://openalex.org/W2997468044","https://openalex.org/W3001807593","https://openalex.org/W3013837254","https://openalex.org/W3014972121","https://openalex.org/W3046377295","https://openalex.org/W3091572767","https://openalex.org/W3100279624","https://openalex.org/W3101981467","https://openalex.org/W3118345665","https://openalex.org/W3124373176","https://openalex.org/W3126268169","https://openalex.org/W3126531007","https://openalex.org/W3130896941","https://openalex.org/W3134111219","https://openalex.org/W3134210117","https://openalex.org/W3150635270","https://openalex.org/W3158769183","https://openalex.org/W3160920566","https://openalex.org/W3171393449","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W4250755681","https://openalex.org/W4281564584","https://openalex.org/W6749630143","https://openalex.org/W6763776357","https://openalex.org/W6767327189","https://openalex.org/W6790248157"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038284070","https://openalex.org/W2020931302","https://openalex.org/W2393835291","https://openalex.org/W2349375644","https://openalex.org/W4362575170","https://openalex.org/W1543675275","https://openalex.org/W2375743546","https://openalex.org/W1992295819","https://openalex.org/W2370005928","https://openalex.org/W1017320593"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Building":[0],"trustworthy":[1],"AI":[2,80,96,118,141,143,151,234],"solutions,":[3],"whether":[4],"in":[5,91],"academia":[6],"or":[7],"industry,":[8],"must":[9],"take":[10],"into":[11],"consideration":[12],"a":[13,172,207],"number":[14],"of":[15,28,55,76,94,187,232],"dimensions":[16],"including":[17],"legal,":[18],"social,":[19],"ethical,":[20],"public":[21],"opinion":[22],"and":[23,31,46,58,79,83,105,113,116,146,152,162,198,222,236],"environmental":[24],"aspects.":[25],"A":[26],"plethora":[27],"guidelines,":[29],"principles":[30,82],"toolkits":[32,109,126,197,215],"have":[33,38],"been":[34],"published":[35,108],"globally,":[36],"but":[37],"seen":[39],"limited":[40],"grassroots":[41],"implementation,":[42],"especially":[43],"among":[44],"small":[45],"medium":[47],"sized":[48],"enterprises":[49],"(SME),":[50],"mainly":[51],"due":[52],"to":[53,72,84,103,111,132,138,194,211],"lack":[54],"knowledge,":[56],"skills,":[57],"resources.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"paper,":[62],"we":[63],"report":[64],"on":[65,121,159,192,217],"qualitative":[66],"SME":[67,136],"consultations":[68],"over":[69],"two":[70],"events":[71],"establish":[73],"their":[74,92,130,213,218],"understanding":[75],"both":[77],"data":[78],"ethical":[81,95,115,223],"identify":[85],"the":[86,134,196,229,233],"key":[87,147],"barriers":[88,137],"SMEs":[89,210],"face":[90],"adoption":[93],"approaches.":[97],"We":[98],"then":[99,237],"use":[100],"independent":[101],"experts":[102],"review":[104],"code":[106],"77":[107],"designed":[110],"build":[112],"support":[114],"responsible":[117,150],"practices,":[119],"based":[120,158,216],"33":[122],"evaluation":[123],"criteria.":[124],"The":[125],"were":[127,156],"evaluated":[128],"considering":[129],"scope":[131],"address":[133],"identified":[135],"adoption,":[139],"human-centric":[140],"principles,":[142],"lifecycle":[144,235],"stages,":[145],"themes":[148],"around":[149],"practical":[153,188],"usability.":[154],"Toolkits":[155],"ranked":[157],"criteria":[160,178],"coverage":[161],"expert":[163],"inter-coder":[164],"agreement.":[165],"Results":[166],"show":[167,184],"that":[168,175],"there":[169],"is":[170],"not":[171],"one-size-fits-all":[173],"toolkit":[174],"addresses":[176],"all":[177],"suitable":[179],"for":[180,209],"SMEs.":[181,203],"Our":[182,204],"findings":[183],"few":[185],"exemplars":[186],"application,":[189],"little":[190],"guidance":[191],"how":[193],"use/apply":[195],"very":[199],"low":[200],"uptake":[201],"by":[202],"analysis":[205],"provides":[206],"mechanism":[208],"select":[212],"own":[214],"current":[219],"capacity,":[220],"resources,":[221],"awareness":[224],"levels":[225],"focusing":[226],"initially":[227],"at":[228],"conceptualization":[230],"stage":[231],"extending":[238],"throughout.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
