{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205812661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3115093","title":"Automated COVID-19 Grading With Convolutional Neural Networks in Computed Tomography Scans: A Systematic Comparison","display_name":"Automated COVID-19 Grading With Convolutional Neural Networks in Computed Tomography Scans: A Systematic Comparison","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205812661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3115093","mag":"3205812661","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35582210"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2021.3115093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3115093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9014473","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028752528","display_name":"Coen de Vente","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5908-8367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802849423","display_name":"University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036pt7h44","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Coen de Vente","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands","Informatics Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949","https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075792402","display_name":"Luuk Boulogne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3412-1313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802849423","display_name":"University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036pt7h44","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luuk H. Boulogne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949","https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067057651","display_name":"Kiran Vaidhya Venkadesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4846-9049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802849423","display_name":"University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036pt7h44","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiran Vaidhya Venkadesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949","https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057560770","display_name":"Cheryl Sital","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4554-2394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802849423","display_name":"University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036pt7h44","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheryl Sital","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949","https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043459900","display_name":"Nikolas Le\u00dfmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-9611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802849423","display_name":"University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036pt7h44","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolas Lessmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949","https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020018643","display_name":"Colin Jacobs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1180-3805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802849423","display_name":"University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036pt7h44","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949","https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081715147","display_name":"Clara I. S\u00e1\u200enchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9787-8319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clara I. S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042982766","display_name":"Bram van Ginneken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2028-8972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802849423","display_name":"University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/036pt7h44","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802934949","display_name":"Radboud University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734","country_code":"NL","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802934949"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bram van Ginneken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802934949","https://openalex.org/I2802849423"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028752528"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427","https://openalex.org/I2802849423","https://openalex.org/I2802934949","https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9493,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8627782,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"129","last_page":"138"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7991517782211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7373831868171692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6215456128120422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.6002228856086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.578393280506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.5588414669036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.5134556889533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5043841600418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computed-tomography","display_name":"Computed tomography","score":0.4895499646663666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.48661813139915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-neural-network","display_name":"Residual neural network","score":0.46440768241882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.4597253203392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.4369906187057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41582614183425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40181779861450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.331795334815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.13619035482406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12389174103736877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7991517782211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7373831868171692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6215456128120422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6002228856086731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.578393280506134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.5588414669036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.5134556889533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5043841600418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.4895499646663666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.48661813139915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2944601119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43744058","display_name":"Residual neural network","level":3,"score":0.46440768241882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.4597253203392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.4369906187057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41582614183425903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40181779861450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.331795334815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.13619035482406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12389174103736877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tai.2021.3115093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tai.2021.3115093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169448","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2691-4581","issn":["2691-4581"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35582210","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35582210","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on artificial intelligence","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:openaire_cris_publications/aca0d001-82d5-4e28-bfe4-096a95463057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/automated-covid19-grading-with-convolutional-neural-networks-in-computed-tomography-scans(aca0d001-82d5-4e28-bfe4-096a95463057).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"de Vente, C, Boulogne, L H, Venkadesh, K V, Sital, C, Lessmann, N, Jacobs, C, Sanchez, C I & van Ginneken, B 2022, 'Automated COVID-19 Grading With Convolutional Neural Networks in Computed Tomography Scans : A Systematic Comparison', IEEE transactions on artificial intelligence, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAI.2021.3115093","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9014473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9014473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Trans Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/251973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/251973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"},{"id":"pmh:ru:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/251973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2066/251973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, 3, 129 - 138","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9014473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9014473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Trans Artif Intell","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2631452109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(ERDF)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1983364832","https://openalex.org/W2079135485","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2164160732","https://openalex.org/W2171541090","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2338908902","https://openalex.org/W2793745122","https://openalex.org/W2946185430","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3007170347","https://openalex.org/W3011149445","https://openalex.org/W3011414569","https://openalex.org/W3012602559","https://openalex.org/W3012867892","https://openalex.org/W3014939112","https://openalex.org/W3014974815","https://openalex.org/W3015622421","https://openalex.org/W3016191673","https://openalex.org/W3017403618","https://openalex.org/W3017451406","https://openalex.org/W3019336217","https://openalex.org/W3022267432","https://openalex.org/W3022806210","https://openalex.org/W3024575832","https://openalex.org/W3025948831","https://openalex.org/W3027764902","https://openalex.org/W3027914507","https://openalex.org/W3045281502","https://openalex.org/W3045596310","https://openalex.org/W3049757379","https://openalex.org/W3081367316","https://openalex.org/W3096956107","https://openalex.org/W3098046820","https://openalex.org/W3102469298","https://openalex.org/W3107886162","https://openalex.org/W3108802735","https://openalex.org/W3111122084","https://openalex.org/W3112701542","https://openalex.org/W3123778877","https://openalex.org/W3133191822","https://openalex.org/W3135243128","https://openalex.org/W3157367987","https://openalex.org/W3168943992","https://openalex.org/W4287181070","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6682751323","https://openalex.org/W6703652217","https://openalex.org/W6763301180","https://openalex.org/W6774872334","https://openalex.org/W6776257366","https://openalex.org/W6781012988","https://openalex.org/W6785008305","https://openalex.org/W6839858737"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3204184292","https://openalex.org/W3176564347","https://openalex.org/W2355833770","https://openalex.org/W1985458517","https://openalex.org/W3031039437","https://openalex.org/W183202219","https://openalex.org/W3095877357","https://openalex.org/W2755231872","https://openalex.org/W4382052965","https://openalex.org/W4387090791"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Amidst":[0],"the":[1,4,16,57,60,88,110,118,122,155,200,226],"ongoing":[2],"pandemic,":[3],"assessment":[5],"of":[6,19,41,47,59,62,90,95,120,141,160,166,173,180,203,228],"computed":[7,129],"tomography":[8],"(CT)":[9],"images":[10,34],"for":[11,98,206,221],"COVID-19":[12,28,207],"presence":[13],"can":[14],"exceed":[15],"workload":[17],"capacity":[18],"radiologists.":[20],"Several":[21],"studies":[22,43],"addressed":[23],"this":[24,229],"issue":[25],"by":[26],"automating":[27],"classification":[29,208],"and":[30,71,106,136,170,209,230],"grading":[31,210],"from":[32,52],"CT":[33,168,182],"with":[35,124,148,189],"convolutional":[36],"neural":[37],"networks":[38],"(CNNs).":[39],"Many":[40],"these":[42,63,149],"reported":[44],"initial":[45],"results":[46,227],"algorithms":[48,64],"that":[49,112],"were":[50,73],"assembled":[51],"commonly":[53,100],"used":[54,101],"components.":[55],"However,":[56],"choice":[58],"components":[61,150,205],"was":[65],"often":[66],"pragmatic":[67],"rather":[68],"than":[69],"systematic":[70],"systems":[72],"not":[74],"compared":[75],"to":[76,219],"each":[77],"other":[78],"across":[79],"papers":[80],"in":[81,187],"a":[82,138,142,176,184,190,215,222],"fair":[83,223],"manner.":[84],"We":[85,212],"systematically":[86],"investigated":[87,117],"effectiveness":[89],"using":[91],"3-D":[92,146],"CNNs":[93,97],"instead":[94,140],"2-D":[96,193],"seven":[99],"architectures,":[102],"including":[103],"DenseNet,":[104],"Inception,":[105],"ResNet":[107],"variants.":[108],"For":[109],"architecture":[111],"performed":[113],"best,":[114],"we":[115],"furthermore":[116],"effect":[119],"initializing":[121],"network":[123,134],"pretrained":[125],"weights,":[126],"providing":[127],"automatically":[128],"lesion":[130],"maps":[131],"as":[132],"additional":[133],"input,":[135],"predicting":[137],"continuous":[139],"categorical":[143],"output.":[144],"A":[145],"DenseNet-201":[147],"achieved":[151],"an":[152,171],"area":[153],"under":[154],"receiver":[156],"operating":[157],"characteristic":[158],"curve":[159],"0.930":[161],"on":[162,175,217],"our":[163],"test":[164],"set":[165,179],"105":[167],"scans":[169],"AUC":[172],"0.919":[174],"publicly":[177],"available":[178],"742":[181],"scans,":[183],"substantial":[185],"improvement":[186],"comparison":[188,224],"previously":[191],"published":[192],"CNN.":[194],"This":[195],"article":[196],"provides":[197],"insights":[198],"into":[199],"performance":[201],"benefits":[202],"various":[204],"systems.":[211],"have":[213],"created":[214],"challenge":[216],"grand-challenge.org":[218],"allow":[220],"between":[225],"future":[231],"research.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
