{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140188957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2026.3677128","title":"Weakly Supervised Learning for Facial Affective Behavior Analysis: A Review","display_name":"Weakly Supervised Learning for Facial Affective Behavior Analysis: A Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140188957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2026.3677128"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2026.3677128","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2026.3677128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"R. Gnana Praveen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-9198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115038","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/026venb53","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210115038"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Gnana Praveen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Noah's Ark Lab, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-9198","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Noah's Ark Lab, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Patrick Cardinal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9439-9910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144804","display_name":"Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/04e3ktk27","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210144804","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Cardinal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d’imagerie, de vision et d’intelligence artificielle (LIVIA), Dept. of Systems Engineering, ETS Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9439-9910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d’imagerie, de vision et d’intelligence artificielle (LIVIA), Dept. of Systems Engineering, ETS Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144804","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Eric Granger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6116-7945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144804","display_name":"Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/04e3ktk27","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102197404","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210144804","https://openalex.org/I4210159245"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Granger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d’imagerie, de vision et d’intelligence artificielle (LIVIA), Dept. of Systems Engineering, ETS Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6116-7945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d’imagerie, de vision et d’intelligence artificielle (LIVIA), Dept. of Systems Engineering, ETS Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144804","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30511625,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"1521","last_page":"1543"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9624999761581421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9624999761581421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.010099999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.6431000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.507099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.4296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.3617999851703644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6844000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6450999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.6431000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5157999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.507099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.4296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4081000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2026.3677128","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2026.3677128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,22,31],"deep":[3],"learning":[4,75],"(DL)":[5],"and":[6,53,65,110,132,135,138,150,168,178,191],"computational":[7],"capacity":[8],"have":[9],"enabled":[10],"facial":[11,29,63],"affective":[12,113],"behavior":[13],"analysis":[14,27],"(FABA)":[15],"to":[16,25,51,57,104],"progress":[17],"from":[18],"static":[19],"images":[20],"captured":[21],"controlled":[23],"settings":[24],"fine-grained":[26],"of":[28,60,97,107,124,159,188,195],"expressions":[30,64],"real":[32],"world":[33],"video":[34],"data.":[35],"However,":[36],"training":[37,84],"accurate":[38],"DL":[39],"models":[40,85,190],"for":[41,83,100,128,185,192,201],"FABA":[42,198],"typically":[43],"requires":[44],"large-scale,":[45],"expert-annotated":[46],"datasets,":[47],"which":[48],"are":[49],"costly":[50],"obtain":[52],"inherently":[54],"noisy":[55],"due":[56],"the":[58,105,111,156,183,193],"ambiguity":[59],"labeling":[61],"subtle":[62],"action":[66],"units":[67],"(AUs).":[68],"To":[69],"mitigate":[70],"these":[71],"challenges,":[72],"weakly":[73],"supervised":[74],"(WSL)":[76],"has":[77],"emerged":[78],"as":[79],"a":[80,94,121],"promising":[81],"paradigm":[82],"with":[86,163],"weak":[87,108],"annotations.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90,117],"paper,":[91],"we":[92,119,153],"present":[93],"structured":[95],"taxonomy":[96],"WSL":[98,126,160],"scenarios":[99],"FABA,":[101],"organized":[102],"according":[103],"type":[106],"annotation":[109],"specific":[112],"task.":[114],"Building":[115],"on":[116,144],"taxonomy,":[118],"provide":[120],"critical":[122,173],"synthesis":[123],"representative":[125],"methods":[127],"both":[129],"classification":[130],"(expression":[131,137],"AU":[133,139],"recognition)":[134],"regression":[136],"intensity":[140],"estimation)":[141],"tasks,":[142],"focusing":[143],"their":[145],"core":[146],"methodological":[147],"ideas,":[148],"strengths,":[149],"limitations.":[151],"Furthermore,":[152],"systematically":[154],"summarize":[155],"comparative":[157],"performance":[158],"approaches":[161],"along":[162],"widely":[164],"adopted":[165],"experimental":[166],"setups":[167],"evaluation":[169],"proto":[170],"cols.":[171],"Our":[172],"assessment":[174],"identifies":[175],"key":[176],"challenges":[177],"future":[179],"research":[180],"directions,":[181],"including":[182],"need":[184],"efficient":[186],"adaptation":[187],"foundation":[189],"development":[194],"robust,":[196],"scalable":[197],"systems":[199],"suitable":[200],"real-world":[202],"applications.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00"}