{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7136137467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2026.3674037","title":"EEG-Based Emotion Classification Using Deep Capsule Networks for Subject-Independent and Dependent Scenarios","display_name":"EEG-Based Emotion Classification Using Deep Capsule Networks for Subject-Independent and Dependent Scenarios","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7136137467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2026.3674037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2026.3674037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2026.3674037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/53299/7/53299%20WAQAS_EEG-Based_Emotion_Classification_Using_Deep_Capsule_Networks_%28AAM%29_2026.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129591103","display_name":"Aadam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aadam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, Indianapolis, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8543-1429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering Informatics and Communications Technology Complex, Indianapolis, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55769427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113861643","display_name":"Shanshan Tu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6220-4119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047996342","display_name":"Zahid Halim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3094-3483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75357094","display_name":"National Yunlin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qkq2m54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahid Halim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, Machine Intelligence and Affective Systems Laboratory, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3094-3483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, Machine Intelligence and Affective Systems Laboratory, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086533220","display_name":"Muhammad Waqas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-7544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","display_name":"University of Greenwich","ror":"https://ror.org/00bmj0a71","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Waqas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Greenwich, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-7544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Greenwich, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124067061","display_name":"Hisham Alfuhaid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hisham Alfuhaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6482-3968","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129517530","display_name":"Ghulam Fatima","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75357094","display_name":"National Yunlin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qkq2m54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam Fatima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, Machine Intelligence and Affective Systems Laboratory, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, Machine Intelligence and Affective Systems Laboratory, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.5497,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9781475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"1907","last_page":"1922"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.7002000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.7002000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.18549999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.5504000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-classification","display_name":"Emotion classification","score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3736000061035156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6054999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.5504000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206310091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750859","display_name":"Emotion classification","level":2,"score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.27549999952316284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2026.3674037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2026.3674037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gala.gre.ac.uk:53299","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-7544","pdf_url":"https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/53299/7/53299%20WAQAS_EEG-Based_Emotion_Classification_Using_Deep_Capsule_Networks_%28AAM%29_2026.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401244","display_name":"Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","host_organization_name":"University of Greenwich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:gala.gre.ac.uk:53299","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-7544","pdf_url":"https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/53299/7/53299%20WAQAS_EEG-Based_Emotion_Classification_Using_Deep_Capsule_Networks_%28AAM%29_2026.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401244","display_name":"Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","host_organization_name":"University of Greenwich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5175197720527649}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4063664446","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4262022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7387516765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP.2/637/46","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F33954902","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F33954902","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7136137467.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7136137467.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emotion":[0],"recognition":[1,112,170,189],"from":[2,86],"electroencephalography":[3],"(EEG)":[4],"signals":[5],"is":[6,93],"an":[7,65],"important":[8],"component":[9],"of":[10,40,56,141,177,216],"emotionally":[11],"intelligent":[12],"human\u2013computer":[13],"interaction":[14],"systems.":[15,229],"However,":[16],"existing":[17],"approaches":[18],"often":[19],"rely":[20],"on":[21,48,72,95,190],"handcrafted":[22],"features":[23],"or":[24],"conventional":[25],"deep":[26,68,129],"learning":[27,69,130],"architectures":[28],"that":[29,123],"struggle":[30],"to":[31,36,81,143,174],"generalize":[32],"across":[33,107,156,209],"subjects":[34],"due":[35],"the":[37,96,136,147,175,180,194,201,214],"high":[38],"variability":[39],"EEG":[41,88],"signals.":[42,89],"Most":[43],"prior":[44],"studies":[45],"focus":[46],"primarily":[47],"binary":[49,108,134],"emotion":[50,111,169,188],"classification":[51],"and":[52,103,106,109,117,167,172,207,226],"provide":[53],"limited":[54],"investigation":[55],"more":[57,148],"complex":[58],"multi-class":[59,110,187],"scenarios.":[60],"This":[61],"work":[62],"presents":[63],"EmoCaps,":[64],"end-to":[66],"end":[67],"framework":[70,160],"based":[71],"a":[73,77],"capsule":[74],"network":[75],"with":[76],"self-attention\u2013guided":[78],"routing":[79],"mechanism":[80],"learn":[82],"discriminative":[83],"representations":[84],"directly":[85],"raw":[87],"The":[90,159],"proposed":[91,137,202],"model":[92,203],"evaluated":[94],"DEAP":[97],"dataset":[98],"under":[99],"both":[100],"subject":[101,185],"dependent":[102],"subject-independent":[104,150],"settings":[105],"tasks":[113,171],"involving":[114],"valence,":[115],"arousal,":[116],"dominance":[118],"dimensions.":[119,158],"Experimental":[120],"results":[121,183,212],"demonstrate":[122],"EmoCaps":[124,217],"consistently":[125],"outperforms":[126],"several":[127],"representative":[128],"models.":[131],"In":[132],"subject-dependent":[133],"classification,":[135],"approach":[138],"achieves":[139,162],"accuracies":[140],"up":[142],"97%,":[144],"while":[145],"in":[146,165,222],"challenging":[149],"setting":[151],"it":[152],"exceeds":[153],"80%":[154],"accuracy":[155],"emotional":[157],"also":[161],"strong":[163],"performance":[164],"four-class":[166],"eight-class":[168],"provides,":[173],"best":[176],"our":[178],"knowledge,":[179],"first":[181],"reported":[182],"for":[184,218],"independent":[186],"this":[191],"dataset.":[192],"Although":[193],"capsule-based":[195],"architecture":[196],"introduces":[197],"higher":[198],"computational":[199],"cost,":[200],"significantly":[204],"improves":[205],"robustness":[206],"generalization":[208],"subjects.":[210],"These":[211],"highlight":[213],"potential":[215],"real-world":[219],"emotion-aware":[220],"applications":[221],"healthcare,":[223],"adaptive":[224],"learning,":[225],"affective":[227],"computing":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-30T06:14:24.967023","created_date":"2026-03-17T00:00:00"}
