{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415821319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2025.3628467","title":"Real-World Classification of Student Stress and Fatigue Using Wearable PPG Recordings","display_name":"Real-World Classification of Student Stress and Fatigue Using Wearable PPG Recordings","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415821319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2025.3628467"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2025.3628467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2025.3628467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2025.3628467","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093466988","display_name":"Justin Laiti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6220-3725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142762351","display_name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/01hxy9878","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Justin Laiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100345799","display_name":"Yu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5742-1266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160384","display_name":"Institute of Biomedical Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05t77d857","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160384"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, England"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160384","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022174177","display_name":"P\u00e1draic J. Dunne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7666-4458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142762351","display_name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/01hxy9878","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P\u00e1draic J. Dunne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087943165","display_name":"Elaine Byrne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7322-277X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142762351","display_name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/01hxy9878","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elaine Byrne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055850985","display_name":"Tingting Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1552-5630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160384","display_name":"Institute of Biomedical Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05t77d857","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160384"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, England"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160384","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093466988"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2452,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94531174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"587","last_page":"601"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.43389999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.43389999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.3122999966144562,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.08780000358819962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.7922000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.7487999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5663999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","score":0.5541999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5131999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.49810001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.3422999978065491}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.7922000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.7487999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.583899974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5663999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5541999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5131999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5034999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.49810001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206310091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750859","display_name":"Emotion classification","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779055241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644240","display_name":"Biosignal","level":3,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71635504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933954","display_name":"Heart rate variability","level":4,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2025.3628467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2025.3628467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2025.3628467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2025.3628467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W1988315365","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W2037124552","https://openalex.org/W2046002943","https://openalex.org/W2048896374","https://openalex.org/W2103027336","https://openalex.org/W2120495964","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2124485076","https://openalex.org/W2280752446","https://openalex.org/W2282606863","https://openalex.org/W2285072859","https://openalex.org/W2294418644","https://openalex.org/W2517521203","https://openalex.org/W2522580204","https://openalex.org/W2740884108","https://openalex.org/W2759190050","https://openalex.org/W2765157217","https://openalex.org/W2786027963","https://openalex.org/W2792140820","https://openalex.org/W2793628355","https://openalex.org/W2810802964","https://openalex.org/W2888208815","https://openalex.org/W2893814198","https://openalex.org/W2894771803","https://openalex.org/W2899725491","https://openalex.org/W2907166066","https://openalex.org/W2912120729","https://openalex.org/W2936355586","https://openalex.org/W2957045736","https://openalex.org/W2976770731","https://openalex.org/W2979875836","https://openalex.org/W2990653535","https://openalex.org/W2994102706","https://openalex.org/W3047004659","https://openalex.org/W3082076610","https://openalex.org/W3098593320","https://openalex.org/W3128246533","https://openalex.org/W3130433493","https://openalex.org/W3138204312","https://openalex.org/W3155494946","https://openalex.org/W3161179337","https://openalex.org/W3167394498","https://openalex.org/W3190066124","https://openalex.org/W3203254846","https://openalex.org/W4200004056","https://openalex.org/W4220887861","https://openalex.org/W4233828134","https://openalex.org/W4236029290","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4285244280","https://openalex.org/W4287883770","https://openalex.org/W4292164433","https://openalex.org/W4306292480","https://openalex.org/W4308123703","https://openalex.org/W4309646531","https://openalex.org/W4313294355","https://openalex.org/W4321062919","https://openalex.org/W4321850223","https://openalex.org/W4322625607","https://openalex.org/W4323304285","https://openalex.org/W4323346050","https://openalex.org/W4380608840","https://openalex.org/W4381855626","https://openalex.org/W4383068587","https://openalex.org/W4385756442","https://openalex.org/W4386067610","https://openalex.org/W4386248186","https://openalex.org/W4386824716","https://openalex.org/W4387665657","https://openalex.org/W4388039366","https://openalex.org/W4389817218","https://openalex.org/W4389979758","https://openalex.org/W4390970143","https://openalex.org/W4392188167","https://openalex.org/W4394720911","https://openalex.org/W4398140844","https://openalex.org/W4400762160","https://openalex.org/W4403210994","https://openalex.org/W4409291946","https://openalex.org/W4409957790","https://openalex.org/W4409965321"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wearable-based":[0],"affective":[1,241],"computing":[2],"offers":[3],"a":[4,68,100,210],"promising":[5],"solution":[6],"for":[7,78,105,171,193,198,221,236],"monitoring":[8],"and":[9,12,37,45,71,87,95,127,148,153,176,196,214,254],"managing":[10],"stress":[11,36,94,172,194,222],"fatigue":[13,38,199],"in":[14,55,226,248,260],"adolescent":[15],"student":[16,23,115],"populations.":[17],"This":[18,59,97],"can":[19],"help":[20],"to":[21,52,130,169,224,238,246],"support":[22],"well-being":[24,216],"without":[25],"increasing":[26],"reliance":[27],"on":[28,57,89,113,142,174,178,252,265],"mobile":[29,72],"phones":[30],"by":[31],"providing":[32,243],"on-device":[33],"insights":[34],"into":[35],"levels.":[39],"To":[40],"do":[41],"so,":[42],"the":[43,62,65,145,154,161,181,184,207,219,227,234],"processing":[44,102,186],"classification":[46,111,173,195,200,223],"methods":[47],"must":[48],"be":[49,53],"lightweight":[50,101],"enough":[51],"executed":[54],"real-time":[56,240],"wearables.":[58],"study":[60,98,262],"outlines":[61],"findings":[63,232],"of":[64,67,93,167,191,209],"implementation":[66],"student-informed":[69],"wearable":[70],"app,":[73],"Wellby.":[74,119],"Students":[75],"tested":[76],"this":[77,261],"one":[79],"month":[80],"while":[81,108],"completing":[82],"routine":[83],"photoplethysmography":[84],"(PPG)":[85],"recordings":[86],"check-ins":[88],"their":[90],"perceived":[91],"levels":[92],"fatigue.":[96],"proposes":[99],"pipeline,":[103],"intended":[104],"wearable-based":[106],"deployment,":[107],"examining":[109],"its":[110],"performance":[112],"real-world":[114,249],"PPG":[116,253],"data":[117],"from":[118],"The":[120,257],"pipeline":[121,187],"performs":[122],"denoising,":[123],"fixed":[124],"noise":[125],"elimination,":[126],"peak":[128],"detection":[129],"calculate":[131],"time-domain":[132,203],"heart":[133],"rate":[134],"variability":[135],"(HRV)":[136],"metrics.":[137],"It":[138],"was":[139],"first":[140],"evaluated":[141],"public":[143],"datasets,":[144],"Wearable":[146],"Stress":[147],"Affect":[149],"Detection":[150],"(WESAD)":[151],"dataset":[152],"AKTIVES":[155],"dataset,":[156,183],"achieving":[157],"an":[158,189],"area":[159],"under":[160],"receiver":[162],"operating":[163],"characteristic":[164],"curve":[165],"(AUC-ROC)":[166],"up":[168],"91.58%":[170],"WESAD":[175],"76.61%":[177],"AKTIVES.":[179],"In":[180],"Wellby":[182],"adapted":[185],"achieved":[188],"AUC-ROC":[190,220],"77.02%":[192],"71.58%":[197],"using":[201],"only":[202],"HRV":[204],"features.":[205],"Furthermore,":[206],"inclusion":[208],"signal":[211],"quality":[212],"metric":[213],"baseline":[215],"questionnaires":[217],"improved":[218],"91.60%":[225],"best":[228],"performing":[229],"model.":[230],"These":[231],"demonstrate":[233],"potential":[235],"wearables":[237],"implement":[239],"computing,":[242],"timely":[244],"feedback":[245],"students":[247],"settings":[250],"based":[251],"contextual":[255],"data.":[256],"code":[258],"used":[259],"is":[263],"available":[264],"GitHub":[266],"[<uri":[267],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[268],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/j-laiti/PPG-affect-classification</uri>].":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00"}