{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412972652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2025.3590107","title":"Empathy Detection From Text, Audiovisual, Audio or Physiological Signals: A Systematic Review of Task Formulations and Machine Learning Methods","display_name":"Empathy Detection From Text, Audiovisual, Audio or Physiological Signals: A Systematic Review of Task Formulations and Machine Learning Methods","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412972652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2025.3590107"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2025.3590107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2025.3590107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025876524","display_name":"Md Rakibul Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2565-5321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Rakibul Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2565-5321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084424190","display_name":"Md Zakir Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1892-831X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Zakir Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1892-831X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034501904","display_name":"Shreya Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2639-8374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shreya Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2639-8374","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053327787","display_name":"Aneesh Krishna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8637-5732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aneesh Krishna","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8637-5732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030379402","display_name":"Tom Gedeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8356-4909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Gedeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8356-4909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025876524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.5626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98942483,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"2507","last_page":"2525"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"Empathy","score":0.8539426326751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7188858985900879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-detection","display_name":"Emotion detection","score":0.598271369934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.5085679292678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.496968537569046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.44378378987312317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.41575801372528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.41038817167282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4084846079349518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.39904844760894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38667726516723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.32804638147354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.1433027684688568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1310763955116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.07179072499275208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.8539426326751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7188858985900879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988148770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion detection","level":3,"score":0.598271369934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.5085679292678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.496968537569046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44378378987312317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.41575801372528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.41038817167282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4084846079349518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.39904844760894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38667726516723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.32804638147354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1433027684688568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1310763955116272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.07179072499275208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2025.3590107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2025.3590107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.curtin.edu.au:20.500.11937/98341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/98341","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401790","display_name":"eSpace (Curtin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","host_organization_name":"Curtin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3126677997","https://openalex.org/W1610857240","https://openalex.org/W4391307871","https://openalex.org/W4392502551","https://openalex.org/W2336827033","https://openalex.org/W1970739466","https://openalex.org/W2505228240","https://openalex.org/W4319430321","https://openalex.org/W4411086784","https://openalex.org/W2922915988"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Empathy":[0,112],"indicates":[1],"an":[2],"individual's":[3],"ability":[4],"to":[5,24,194],"understand":[6],"others.":[7],"Over":[8],"the":[9,48,78,146,163],"past":[10],"few":[11],"years,":[12],"empathy":[13,32,51,91,187],"has":[14,33],"drawn":[15],"attention":[16],"from":[17,58,68],"various":[18],"disciplines,":[19],"including":[20,90],"but":[21],"not":[22],"limited":[23],"Affective":[25,147],"Computing,":[26],"Cognitive":[27],"Science,":[28],"and":[29,39,45,76,102,109,126,142,168,180],"Psychology.":[30],"Detecting":[31],"potential":[34,143],"applications":[35,144],"in":[36,106,145],"society,":[37],"healthcare":[38],"education.":[40],"Despite":[41],"being":[42],"a":[43,59,174,185],"broad":[44],"overlapping":[46],"topic,":[47],"avenue":[49],"of":[50,158,166,177],"detection":[52,113,188],"leveraging":[53],"Machine":[54],"Learning":[55],"remains":[56],"underexplored":[57],"systematic":[60],"literature":[61],"review":[62],"perspective.":[63],"We":[64,137,160],"collected":[65],"849":[66],"papers":[67],"10":[69],"well-known":[70],"academic":[71],"databases,":[72],"systematically":[73],"screened":[74],"them":[75],"analysed":[77],"final":[79],"82":[80],"papers.":[81],"Our":[82],"analyses":[83],"reveal":[84],"several":[85],"prominent":[86],"task":[87],"formulations":[88],"\u2013":[89,105,122,129],"on":[92,118],"localised":[93],"utterances":[94],"or":[95,99],"overall":[96],"expressions,":[97],"unidirectional":[98],"parallel":[100],"empathy,":[101],"emotional":[103],"contagion":[104],"monadic,":[107],"dyadic":[108],"group":[110],"interactions.":[111],"methods":[114],"are":[115],"summarised":[116],"based":[117],"four":[119],"input":[120],"modalities":[121],"text,":[123],"audiovisual,":[124],"audio":[125],"physiological":[127],"signals":[128],"thereby":[130],"presenting":[131],"modality-specific":[132],"network":[133],"architecture":[134],"design":[135],"protocols.":[136],"discuss":[138],"challenges,":[139],"research":[140],"gaps":[141],"Computing-based":[148],"<italic":[149],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[150],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">empathy</i>":[151],"domain,":[152],"which":[153],"can":[154],"facilitate":[155],"new":[156],"avenues":[157],"exploration.":[159],"further":[161],"enlist":[162],"public":[164],"availability":[165],"datasets":[167],"codes.":[169],"This":[170],"paper,":[171],"therefore,":[172],"provides":[173],"structured":[175],"overview":[176],"recent":[178],"advancements":[179],"remaining":[181],"challenges":[182],"towards":[183],"developing":[184],"robust":[186],"system":[189],"that":[190],"could":[191],"meaningfully":[192],"contribute":[193],"enhancing":[195],"human":[196],"well-being.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-14T08:36:36.166977","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}