{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377708689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2023.3278230","title":"Opacity, Transparency, and the Ethics of Affective Computing","display_name":"Opacity, Transparency, and the Ethics of Affective Computing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377708689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2023.3278230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2023.3278230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2023.3278230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023434899","display_name":"Manohar Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2540-1356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manohar Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2540-1356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092001346","display_name":"Aisha Aijaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-106X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aisha Aijaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-106X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092001347","display_name":"Omkar Chattar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2730-2646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omkar Chattar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2730-2646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068933672","display_name":"Jainendra Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-0087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jainendra Shukla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-0087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027667267","display_name":"Raghava Mutharaju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-3935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raghava Mutharaju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-3935","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023434899"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0174,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88869165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"4","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11997","display_name":"Free Will and Agency","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11953","display_name":"Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.8698669672012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opacity","display_name":"Opacity","score":0.8211280107498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.4965279698371887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception","display_name":"Deception","score":0.42768895626068115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3867379128932953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.36329102516174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.3487991392612457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3326990306377411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2511485815048218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2418527603149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.17292535305023193}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.8698669672012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60056205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691914","display_name":"Opacity","level":2,"score":0.8211280107498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.4965279698371887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.42768895626068115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3867379128932953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.36329102516174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3487991392612457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3326990306377411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2511485815048218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2418527603149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.17292535305023193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2023.3278230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2023.3278230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313903","display_name":"Tata Consultancy Services","ror":"https://ror.org/01b9n8m42"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":159,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52732106","https://openalex.org/W85499556","https://openalex.org/W209078768","https://openalex.org/W393180982","https://openalex.org/W1506025291","https://openalex.org/W1526798278","https://openalex.org/W1528074835","https://openalex.org/W1533717368","https://openalex.org/W1538939947","https://openalex.org/W1574538925","https://openalex.org/W1590088525","https://openalex.org/W1638773224","https://openalex.org/W1819662813","https://openalex.org/W1867691547","https://openalex.org/W1885777359","https://openalex.org/W1941267885","https://openalex.org/W1977139267","https://openalex.org/W1982876836","https://openalex.org/W1986712194","https://openalex.org/W1990108757","https://openalex.org/W1993091619","https://openalex.org/W2008261104","https://openalex.org/W2014248633","https://openalex.org/W2018543616","https://openalex.org/W2032479868","https://openalex.org/W2033616908","https://openalex.org/W2034581196","https://openalex.org/W2036839940","https://openalex.org/W2041842593","https://openalex.org/W2046118174","https://openalex.org/W2048189380","https://openalex.org/W2050276452","https://openalex.org/W2077669864","https://openalex.org/W2077898435","https://openalex.org/W2081114887","https://openalex.org/W2082372312","https://openalex.org/W2085435066","https://openalex.org/W2095138584","https://openalex.org/W2103223087","https://openalex.org/W2104202127","https://openalex.org/W2106370154","https://openalex.org/W2111040806","https://openalex.org/W2129591929","https://openalex.org/W2131769075","https://openalex.org/W2132664937","https://openalex.org/W2133293959","https://openalex.org/W2135279965","https://openalex.org/W2141012340","https://openalex.org/W2141359934","https://openalex.org/W2145421863","https://openalex.org/W2152879721","https://openalex.org/W2159848102","https://openalex.org/W2170179129","https://openalex.org/W2171198878","https://openalex.org/W2182376201","https://openalex.org/W2209046968","https://openalex.org/W2271116931","https://openalex.org/W2312738617","https://openalex.org/W2325428950","https://openalex.org/W2326007307","https://openalex.org/W2334542799","https://openalex.org/W2396457900","https://openalex.org/W2404111443","https://openalex.org/W2489148913","https://openalex.org/W2499249817","https://openalex.org/W2516415113","https://openalex.org/W2530035609","https://openalex.org/W2539563437","https://openalex.org/W2546183494","https://openalex.org/W2554978171","https://openalex.org/W2561056060","https://openalex.org/W2565578130","https://openalex.org/W2604506045","https://openalex.org/W2604576963","https://openalex.org/W2619904157","https://openalex.org/W2728466526","https://openalex.org/W2767493263","https://openalex.org/W2776597570","https://openalex.org/W2786258759","https://openalex.org/W2786979395","https://openalex.org/W2791274871","https://openalex.org/W2795880220","https://openalex.org/W2802769465","https://openalex.org/W2805929853","https://openalex.org/W2855659753","https://openalex.org/W2888492614","https://openalex.org/W2889818979","https://openalex.org/W2904813822","https://openalex.org/W2908473373","https://openalex.org/W2922112639","https://openalex.org/W2949450271","https://openalex.org/W2952302461","https://openalex.org/W2956070078","https://openalex.org/W2961335886","https://openalex.org/W2968612807","https://openalex.org/W2975495759","https://openalex.org/W2980327466","https://openalex.org/W2981984641","https://openalex.org/W2984369117","https://openalex.org/W2995307094","https://openalex.org/W3022404483","https://openalex.org/W3027504431","https://openalex.org/W3035678285","https://openalex.org/W3035937678","https://openalex.org/W3042018252","https://openalex.org/W3046655666","https://openalex.org/W3090352232","https://openalex.org/W3110259171","https://openalex.org/W3122548859","https://openalex.org/W3125615400","https://openalex.org/W3133752603","https://openalex.org/W3143251375","https://openalex.org/W3147565828","https://openalex.org/W3167840544","https://openalex.org/W3169791305","https://openalex.org/W3198080443","https://openalex.org/W3210881085","https://openalex.org/W3211386332","https://openalex.org/W3213019454","https://openalex.org/W4206270439","https://openalex.org/W4206775980","https://openalex.org/W4213451814","https://openalex.org/W4220841975","https://openalex.org/W4221035040","https://openalex.org/W4225308057","https://openalex.org/W4230277160","https://openalex.org/W4233394920","https://openalex.org/W4234048930","https://openalex.org/W4234400489","https://openalex.org/W4234578417","https://openalex.org/W4236519808","https://openalex.org/W4238931540","https://openalex.org/W4244238169","https://openalex.org/W4245905076","https://openalex.org/W4248831106","https://openalex.org/W4251591997","https://openalex.org/W4252633962","https://openalex.org/W4254724182","https://openalex.org/W4280504207","https://openalex.org/W4283325110","https://openalex.org/W4285739457","https://openalex.org/W4319460931","https://openalex.org/W6632132774","https://openalex.org/W6635372532","https://openalex.org/W6649330780","https://openalex.org/W6680814051","https://openalex.org/W6684820465","https://openalex.org/W6687823258","https://openalex.org/W6697992964","https://openalex.org/W6724635194","https://openalex.org/W6726526834","https://openalex.org/W6731425365","https://openalex.org/W6778180252","https://openalex.org/W6786840321","https://openalex.org/W6800363462","https://openalex.org/W6802609166","https://openalex.org/W6838677225","https://openalex.org/W7034710620","https://openalex.org/W7077416346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161791806","https://openalex.org/W2073474947","https://openalex.org/W4366824690","https://openalex.org/W2613656770","https://openalex.org/W2482431380","https://openalex.org/W2082077321","https://openalex.org/W2053059436","https://openalex.org/W4313201885","https://openalex.org/W2401696997","https://openalex.org/W4243546976"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"opacity":[1,52,120,179,233],"is":[2,95],"the":[3,31,69,79,101,109,116,168,176,195,215,222,230,239,242],"intrinsic":[4],"quality":[5],"of":[6,8,51,71,82,92,103,112,131,162,178,197,232,241],"unknowability":[7],"human":[9,119,210,250],"beings":[10],"with":[11,106],"respect":[12],"to":[13,44,77,108,118,148,154,190,202,208,218,221,249],"machines.":[14],"The":[15],"descriptive":[16,169],"relationship":[17,41,170,224],"between":[18,171,225],"humans":[19,54,83,113,172,226],"and":[20,46,55,114,136,151,173,180,185,204,227,234],"machines,":[21],"which":[22,166],"captures":[23],"how":[24,115],"much":[25,91],"information":[26,111],"one":[27],"can":[28,33],"gather":[29],"about":[30],"other,":[32],"be":[34,58],"explicated":[35],"using":[36],"an":[37,160],"opacity-transparency":[38],"relationship.":[39],"This":[40],"allows":[42],"us":[43],"describe":[45],"normatively":[47],"evaluate":[48],"a":[49],"spectrum":[50,86],"where":[53],"machines":[56,174,228],"may":[57],"either":[59],"opaque":[60],"or":[61],"transparent.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64,85,93,104],"paper,":[65],"we":[66,183],"argue":[67],"that":[68,144],"advent":[70],"Affective":[72],"Computing":[73],"(AC)":[74],"has":[75,124],"begun":[76],"shift":[78,105],"ideal":[80],"position":[81],"on":[84,238],"towards":[87,97],"greater":[88],"transparency,":[89],"while":[90,236],"technology":[94],"shifting":[96],"opacity.":[98,251],"We":[99,157],"explore":[100],"implications":[102],"regard":[107],"affective":[110],"threat":[117,248],"by":[121,246],"AC":[122,164,198],"systems":[123],"various":[125],"adverse":[126],"repercussions,":[127],"such":[128],"as":[129],"infringement":[130],"one's":[132],"autonomy,":[133],"deception,":[134],"manipulation,":[135],"increased":[137],"anxiety.":[138],"There":[139],"are":[140,194],"also":[141],"distributive":[142],"consequences":[143],"expose":[145],"vulnerable":[146],"groups":[147],"unjustified":[149],"burdens":[150],"reduce":[152],"them":[153],"mere":[155],"profiles.":[156],"further":[158],"provide":[159],"assessment":[161],"current":[163],"technology,":[165],"follows":[167],"from":[175,229],"lens":[177],"transparency.":[181],"Finally,":[182],"foresee":[184],"address":[186],"three":[187],"possible":[188],"objections":[189],"our":[191],"claims.":[192],"These":[193],"beneficence":[196],"systems,":[199],"their":[200,205,247],"relation":[201],"privacy,":[203],"restrictive":[206],"capacity":[207],"capture":[209],"affects.":[211],"Through":[212],"these":[213],"arguments,":[214],"paper":[216],"aims":[217],"bring":[219],"attention":[220],"ontological":[223],"perspective":[231],"transparency":[235],"emphasizing":[237],"gravity":[240],"ethical":[243],"concerns":[244],"raised":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}