{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389102701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2022.3228749","title":"Teardrops on My Face: Automatic Weeping Detection From Nonverbal Behavior","display_name":"Teardrops on My Face: Automatic Weeping Detection From Nonverbal Behavior","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389102701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2022.3228749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3228749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2022.3228749","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/10330166/09984983.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/10330166/09984983.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071698655","display_name":"Dennis K\u00fcster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8992-5648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis K\u00fcster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8992-5648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004796089","display_name":"Lars Steinert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8741-1811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Steinert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8741-1811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085545928","display_name":"Marc Baker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3359-0890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63072094","display_name":"University of Portsmouth","ror":"https://ror.org/03ykbk197","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63072094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006728981","display_name":"Nikhil Bhardwaj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikhil Bhardwaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015680543","display_name":"Eva G. Krumhuber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1894-2517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eva G. Krumhuber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4178,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82691601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"3001","last_page":"3012"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonverbal-communication","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","score":0.7926467657089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6241387128829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5257285833358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.509786069393158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.47407737374305725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-detection","display_name":"Emotion detection","score":0.46548691391944885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4560338258743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41574549674987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.33278945088386536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.3198227882385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.3184572160243988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.11806666851043701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.059703558683395386}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.7926467657089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6241387128829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5257285833358765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.509786069393158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.47407737374305725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988148770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion detection","level":3,"score":0.46548691391944885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4560338258743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41574549674987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.33278945088386536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.3198227882385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.3184572160243988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.11806666851043701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.059703558683395386}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3228749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2022.3228749","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/10330166/09984983.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10162563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10162563/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing       (2022)     (In press).  ","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3228749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2022.3228749","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/10330166/09984983.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324316","display_name":"Klaus Tschira Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/052jep661"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324729","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389102701.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389102701.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574888742","https://openalex.org/W1587447546","https://openalex.org/W1854275466","https://openalex.org/W1968600824","https://openalex.org/W1971411800","https://openalex.org/W1980014990","https://openalex.org/W2009375902","https://openalex.org/W2024221294","https://openalex.org/W2027001394","https://openalex.org/W2028975938","https://openalex.org/W2071954570","https://openalex.org/W2130162821","https://openalex.org/W2137882313","https://openalex.org/W2139424257","https://openalex.org/W2154776925","https://openalex.org/W2164471543","https://openalex.org/W2164699598","https://openalex.org/W2173684200","https://openalex.org/W2184673397","https://openalex.org/W2208253782","https://openalex.org/W2213092979","https://openalex.org/W2256077521","https://openalex.org/W2265261523","https://openalex.org/W2300616025","https://openalex.org/W2341622574","https://openalex.org/W2345729520","https://openalex.org/W2479639417","https://openalex.org/W2492323400","https://openalex.org/W2504672854","https://openalex.org/W2547146855","https://openalex.org/W2624340939","https://openalex.org/W2731964405","https://openalex.org/W2738091993","https://openalex.org/W2789688997","https://openalex.org/W2792508254","https://openalex.org/W2792957177","https://openalex.org/W2794094995","https://openalex.org/W2799041689","https://openalex.org/W2802001280","https://openalex.org/W2807126412","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2915619879","https://openalex.org/W2940733793","https://openalex.org/W2942444880","https://openalex.org/W2946410230","https://openalex.org/W2961764296","https://openalex.org/W2962730651","https://openalex.org/W2963631961","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2996641430","https://openalex.org/W3000840260","https://openalex.org/W3002690710","https://openalex.org/W3003313834","https://openalex.org/W3020447069","https://openalex.org/W3023585286","https://openalex.org/W3049231095","https://openalex.org/W3083945261","https://openalex.org/W3093563217","https://openalex.org/W3094309768","https://openalex.org/W3116286104","https://openalex.org/W3118254864","https://openalex.org/W3124054989","https://openalex.org/W3131553854","https://openalex.org/W3143239149","https://openalex.org/W3161312115","https://openalex.org/W3169020132","https://openalex.org/W3196717012","https://openalex.org/W3202143692","https://openalex.org/W4200390453","https://openalex.org/W4230277160","https://openalex.org/W4251591997","https://openalex.org/W4254193920","https://openalex.org/W4283010041","https://openalex.org/W4297730339","https://openalex.org/W6676218802","https://openalex.org/W6682981795","https://openalex.org/W6742231248","https://openalex.org/W6747227044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396748111","https://openalex.org/W4379117383","https://openalex.org/W2584926856","https://openalex.org/W2075935902","https://openalex.org/W4391307871","https://openalex.org/W4206796671","https://openalex.org/W3090814224","https://openalex.org/W4312615275","https://openalex.org/W4392502551","https://openalex.org/W2336827033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"emotional":[1,146],"tears":[2,94,147],"are":[3,27],"a":[4,61],"powerful":[5],"socio-emotional":[6],"signal.":[7,165],"Yet,":[8],"they":[9],"have":[10],"received":[11],"relatively":[12],"little":[13],"attention":[14],"in":[15],"empirical":[16],"research":[17],"compared":[18],"to":[19,30,33,59,66,106,118,135,157,161],"facial":[20,46],"expressions":[21],"or":[22,115],"body":[23],"posture.":[24],"While":[25],"humans":[26],"highly":[28],"sensitive":[29],"others\u2019":[31],"tears,":[32],"date,":[34],"no":[35],"automatic":[36],"means":[37],"exist":[38],"for":[39],"detecting":[40],"spontaneous":[41,68],"weeping.":[42],"This":[43],"article":[44],"employed":[45],"and":[47,128,143,148,159],"postural":[48],"features":[49,99],"extracted":[50],"using":[51],"four":[52,116],"pre-trained":[53],"classifiers":[54,104,117],"(FACET,":[55],"Affdex,":[56],"OpenFace,":[57],"OpenPose)":[58],"train":[60],"Support":[62],"Vector":[63],"Machine":[64],"(SVM)":[65],"distinguish":[67],"weepers":[69],"from":[70,80,100,154],"non-weepers.":[71],"Results":[72],"showed":[73],"that":[74],"weeping":[75],"can":[76,86],"be":[77,87,107],"accurately":[78],"inferred":[79],"nonverbal":[81],"behavior.":[82],"Importantly,":[83],"this":[84,162],"distinction":[85],"made":[88],"before":[89],"the":[90,96,110,141,155],"appearance":[91],"of":[92,145],"visible":[93],"on":[95],"face.":[97],"However,":[98],"at":[101],"least":[102],"two":[103],"need":[105],"combined,":[108],"with":[109],"best":[111],"models":[112],"blending":[113],"three":[114],"achieve":[119],"near-perfect":[120],"performance":[121],"(97%":[122],"accuracy).":[123],"We":[124],"discuss":[125],"how":[126,149],"direct":[127],"indirect":[129],"tear":[130],"detection":[131],"methods":[132],"may":[133],"help":[134],"yield":[136],"important":[137],"new":[138],"insights":[139],"into":[140],"antecedents":[142],"consequences":[144],"affective":[150],"computing":[151],"could":[152],"benefit":[153],"ability":[156],"recognize":[158],"respond":[160],"uniquely":[163],"human":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}