{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285114443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2022.3179717","title":"EEG-Based Subject-Independent Emotion Recognition Using Gated Recurrent Unit and Minimum Class Confusion","display_name":"EEG-Based Subject-Independent Emotion Recognition Using Gated Recurrent Unit and Minimum Class Confusion","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285114443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2022.3179717"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3179717","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2022.3179717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091512445","display_name":"Heng Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-7353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Heng Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100756739","display_name":"Aiping Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8849-5228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiping Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437205","display_name":"Xu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1533-4340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100441901","display_name":"Xiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8259-4815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361920","display_name":"Jun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7193-0622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451602","display_name":"Xun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-8116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099079","display_name":"Institute of Intelligent Machines","ror":"https://ror.org/00w0qep84","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802624667","https://openalex.org/I4210099079"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","USTC IAT-Huami Joint Laboratory for Brain-Machine Intelligence, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"USTC IAT-Huami Joint Laboratory for Brain-Machine Intelligence, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099079","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091512445"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0049,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97321148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"2740","last_page":"2750"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6965016722679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6944799423217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6268514394760132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6079345941543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion-matrix","display_name":"Confusion matrix","score":0.5904773473739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5662932991981506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5449373722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5239130258560181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5201907157897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4884475767612457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.48413023352622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42228198051452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject","display_name":"Subject (documents)","score":0.42045342922210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.21983712911605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17336073517799377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6965016722679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6944799423217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6268514394760132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6079345941543579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138602881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2709591","display_name":"Confusion matrix","level":2,"score":0.5904773473739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5662932991981506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5449373722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5239130258560181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5201907157897949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4884475767612457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.48413023352622986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42228198051452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.42045342922210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.21983712911605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17336073517799377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3179717","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2022.3179717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1970520617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61922075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5096067916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61701158","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313591","display_name":"Cyrus Tang Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cdpdn80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488104929","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1555767263","https://openalex.org/W1575429381","https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W1922658220","https://openalex.org/W1947251450","https://openalex.org/W1999829689","https://openalex.org/W2031559070","https://openalex.org/W2036309320","https://openalex.org/W2038610431","https://openalex.org/W2078671978","https://openalex.org/W2092447967","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2104068492","https://openalex.org/W2104094955","https://openalex.org/W2105957367","https://openalex.org/W2115403315","https://openalex.org/W2132889650","https://openalex.org/W2143350951","https://openalex.org/W2149186291","https://openalex.org/W2149466042","https://openalex.org/W2156984202","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2170883741","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2326887180","https://openalex.org/W2537229885","https://openalex.org/W2613375858","https://openalex.org/W2790404832","https://openalex.org/W2795155917","https://openalex.org/W2799657112","https://openalex.org/W2900672720","https://openalex.org/W2903959724","https://openalex.org/W2911220936","https://openalex.org/W2913846632","https://openalex.org/W2950162539","https://openalex.org/W2962699674","https://openalex.org/W2963532621","https://openalex.org/W2964288524","https://openalex.org/W2982126608","https://openalex.org/W2982204955","https://openalex.org/W2998115938","https://openalex.org/W3022547535","https://openalex.org/W3024961463","https://openalex.org/W3033046106","https://openalex.org/W3043308633","https://openalex.org/W3090425814","https://openalex.org/W3109093849","https://openalex.org/W3133817364","https://openalex.org/W3163658025","https://openalex.org/W3169764988","https://openalex.org/W4230277160","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6675410418","https://openalex.org/W6675547039","https://openalex.org/W6683633756","https://openalex.org/W6685893538","https://openalex.org/W6739651123","https://openalex.org/W6750109254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W4366202965","https://openalex.org/W1969293528","https://openalex.org/W2349679704","https://openalex.org/W4389633859","https://openalex.org/W2570625548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"emotion":[1,18],"recognition":[2,19],"based":[3,123],"on":[4,124,181],"electroencephalogram":[5],"(EEG)":[6],"has":[7],"attracted":[8],"rapidly":[9],"increasing":[10],"interests.":[11],"Due":[12],"to":[13,35,38,49,62,132,155],"large":[14,88],"inter-subject":[15],"variabilities,":[16],"subject-independent":[17],"faces":[20],"great":[21],"challenges.":[22],"Recently,":[23],"domain":[24],"adaptation":[25],"methods":[26,79],"have":[27,52],"been":[28],"successfully":[29],"applied":[30,131],"in":[31],"this":[32,105],"field":[33],"due":[34],"their":[36],"ability":[37,70],"align":[39],"features":[40],"from":[41],"different":[42],"subjects.":[43,75,94],"However,":[44],"since":[45],"EEG":[46],"signals":[47],"corresponding":[48],"some":[50],"emotions":[51],"similar":[53],"oscillation":[54],"patterns,":[55],"they":[56],"are":[57],"often":[58],"confused":[59],"and":[60,140,162,169,178,186],"aligned":[61],"the":[63,68,72,134,157,160,166,171,196],"wrong":[64],"categories,":[65],"which":[66,84],"limits":[67],"generalization":[69],"of":[71,90,92,137],"model":[73,101,115,133],"across":[74],"Besides,":[76],"almost":[77],"all":[78],"only":[80],"support":[81],"offline":[82,177],"applications,":[83],"require":[85],"collecting":[86],"a":[87,99,107,119],"number":[89],"samples":[91],"new":[93],"To":[95],"achieve":[96],"online":[97,179],"recognition,":[98],"simpler":[100],"is":[102,116,129,153],"needed.":[103],"In":[104],"paper,":[106],"novel":[108],"Gated":[109],"Recurrent":[110],"Unit-Minimum":[111],"Class":[112],"Confusion":[113],"(GRU-MCC)":[114],"proposed.":[117],"Specifically,":[118],"simple":[120],"feature":[121],"extractor":[122],"gated":[125],"recurrent":[126],"unit":[127],"(GRU)":[128],"firstly":[130],"spatial":[135],"dependence":[136],"multiple":[138],"electrodes":[139],"obtain":[141,195],"high-level":[142],"discriminative":[143],"features.":[144],"Then,":[145],"during":[146],"training,":[147],"minimum":[148],"class":[149],"confusion":[150,158],"(MCC)":[151],"loss":[152],"introduced":[154],"reduce":[156],"between":[159],"correct":[161],"ambiguous":[163],"classes":[164],"for":[165],"target":[167],"subject":[168],"increase":[170],"transfer":[172],"gains.":[173],"We":[174],"conduct":[175],"both":[176],"experiments":[180],"two":[182],"public":[183],"datasets:":[184],"SEED":[185],"MPED.":[187],"The":[188],"results":[189],"indicate":[190],"that":[191],"our":[192],"method":[193],"can":[194],"superior":[197],"performance.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}