{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158138534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3077590","title":"Automatic Estimation of Action Unit Intensities and Inference of Emotional Appraisals","display_name":"Automatic Estimation of Action Unit Intensities and Inference of Emotional Appraisals","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158138534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3077590","mag":"3158138534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3077590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3077590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040176687","display_name":"Dominik Seu\u00df","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5302-2236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Seuss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Imaging Department, Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Imaging Department, Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090769034","display_name":"Teena Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6105-0752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teena Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Imaging Department, Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Imaging Department, Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052706005","display_name":"Anja Dieckmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136950","display_name":"Hochschule Aalen","ror":"https://ror.org/04gg60e72","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136950"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anja Dieckmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management and Business Sciences, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management and Business Sciences, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091088419","display_name":"Matthias Unfried","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0288-6418"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Unfried","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Behavioral Science, Nuremberg Institute for Market Decisions, Nuremberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Behavioral Science, Nuremberg Institute for Market Decisions, Nuremberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082085948","display_name":"Klaus R. Scherer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9526-0144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114457229","display_name":"University of Geneva","ror":"https://ror.org/01swzsf04","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114457229"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus R. Scherer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114457229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077315553","display_name":"Marcello Mortillaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-6732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114457229","display_name":"University of Geneva","ror":"https://ror.org/01swzsf04","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114457229"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcello Mortillaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114457229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061812704","display_name":"Jens-Uwe Garbas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3473-0370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Garbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Imaging Department, Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Imaging Department, Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040176687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8765,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73947492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"1188","last_page":"1200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8299673795700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6959774494171143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty","display_name":"Novelty","score":0.6936401724815369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valence","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","score":0.6775237917900085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6388524174690247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6024599671363831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4938424229621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-valence","display_name":"Emotional valence","score":0.4560534656047821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.4200456440448761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.41807010769844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3975130617618561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35967355966567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.28830134868621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23295268416404724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.22274619340896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.1827969253063202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.13899707794189453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8299673795700073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6959774494171143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.6936401724815369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168900304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171407","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6775237917900085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6388524174690247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6024599671363831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4938424229621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020774634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113318","display_name":"Emotional valence","level":3,"score":0.4560534656047821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4200456440448761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.41807010769844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3975130617618561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35967355966567993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.28830134868621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23295268416404724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.22274619340896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.1827969253063202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.13899707794189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3077590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3077590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-637273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-637273.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer IIS","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus-htw-aalen.bsz-bw.de:2396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://opus-htw-aalen.bsz-bw.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/2396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401044","display_name":"OPUS (Aalen University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/268549","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/268549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3918136","https://openalex.org/W34176136","https://openalex.org/W1518016665","https://openalex.org/W1598874232","https://openalex.org/W1661563386","https://openalex.org/W1782510269","https://openalex.org/W1891035456","https://openalex.org/W1965947362","https://openalex.org/W1972406621","https://openalex.org/W1976739836","https://openalex.org/W1978963692","https://openalex.org/W2000673252","https://openalex.org/W2007108705","https://openalex.org/W2018366279","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2066525982","https://openalex.org/W2070025377","https://openalex.org/W2083261637","https://openalex.org/W2087681821","https://openalex.org/W2092573776","https://openalex.org/W2096741982","https://openalex.org/W2098615198","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2109269337","https://openalex.org/W2122512809","https://openalex.org/W2127462305","https://openalex.org/W2129106196","https://openalex.org/W2131055488","https://openalex.org/W2139916508","https://openalex.org/W2140535904","https://openalex.org/W2141660036","https://openalex.org/W2143899944","https://openalex.org/W2147736639","https://openalex.org/W2150922105","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2280620570","https://openalex.org/W2513140567","https://openalex.org/W2572121321","https://openalex.org/W2584561145","https://openalex.org/W2737559518","https://openalex.org/W2741189692","https://openalex.org/W2789019232","https://openalex.org/W2805562790","https://openalex.org/W2899028452","https://openalex.org/W2900790966","https://openalex.org/W2922923314","https://openalex.org/W2973027141","https://openalex.org/W2979431738","https://openalex.org/W2982707479","https://openalex.org/W2988389580","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W2995161417","https://openalex.org/W3009411411","https://openalex.org/W4230190357","https://openalex.org/W4230277160","https://openalex.org/W4388282970","https://openalex.org/W6639618761","https://openalex.org/W6682747227","https://openalex.org/W6731848430","https://openalex.org/W6742630935","https://openalex.org/W6769761729","https://openalex.org/W7001391560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4243820032","https://openalex.org/W2915671565","https://openalex.org/W4312138225","https://openalex.org/W4252711001","https://openalex.org/W2015330565","https://openalex.org/W4385436741","https://openalex.org/W4283756072","https://openalex.org/W3106026632","https://openalex.org/W2034258736","https://openalex.org/W2032173903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"development":[1],"of":[2,18,40,103,107,126,144],"a":[3,29,52,55,91,145],"two-stage":[4,146],"approach":[5,31,147],"for":[6,48],"appraisal":[7],"inference":[8],"from":[9,34,75,90,111,120],"automatically":[10,112],"detected":[11],"Action":[12],"Unit":[13],"(AU)":[14],"intensities":[15,78,115],"in":[16,101,124],"recordings":[17,89],"human":[19,99,129],"faces":[20,42],"is":[21,26,84],"described.":[22],"AU":[23,77,114],"intensity":[24],"estimation":[25],"based":[27,86],"on":[28,87],"hybrid":[30],"fusing":[32],"information":[33],"an":[35],"individually":[36],"fitted":[37],"mesh":[38],"model":[39],"the":[41,63,66,140],"and":[43,51,71,109,142],"texture":[44],"information.":[45],"Evaluation":[46],"results":[47,138],"two":[49],"datasets":[50],"comparison":[53],"against":[54],"state-of-the-art":[56],"system,":[57],"namely":[58],"OpenFace":[59],"are":[60,73],"provided.":[61],"In":[62],"second":[64],"stage,":[65],"emotional":[67],"appraisals":[68],"novelty,":[69],"valence":[70,108],"control":[72,110],"predicted":[74],"estimated":[76,113],"by":[79,98],"linear":[80],"regressions.":[81],"Prediction":[82],"performance":[83],"evaluated":[85],"face":[88],"market":[92],"research":[93],"study,":[94],"which":[95],"were":[96],"rated":[97],"observers":[100],"terms":[102,125],"perceived":[104],"appraisals.":[105],"Predictions":[106],"closely":[116],"match":[117],"those":[118],"obtained":[119],"manually":[121],"coded":[122],"AUs":[123],"agreement":[127],"with":[128],"observers,":[130],"while":[131],"novelty":[132],"predictions":[133],"lag":[134],"somewhat":[135],"behind.":[136],"Overall,":[137],"highlight":[139],"flexibility":[141],"interpretability":[143],"to":[148],"emotion":[149],"inference.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
