{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129458182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3077248","title":"Deep Siamese Neural Networks for Facial Expression Recognition in the Wild","display_name":"Deep Siamese Neural Networks for Facial Expression Recognition in the Wild","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129458182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3077248","mag":"3129458182"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3077248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3077248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059365074","display_name":"Wassan Saad Abduljabbar Hayale","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wassan Hayale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112367978","display_name":"Pooran Negi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pooran Singh Negi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041948053","display_name":"Mohammad H. Mahoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8923-4660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad H. Mahoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8923-4660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1075,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9407919,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"1148","last_page":"1158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7670521140098572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7017623782157898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.6738388538360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6511356234550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6218248605728149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6109053492546082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5960811972618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5191282629966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4857828915119171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.443277508020401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.4157232642173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.32388490438461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06687048077583313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7670521140098572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7017623782157898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.6738388538360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6511356234550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6218248605728149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6109053492546082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5960811972618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5191282629966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4857828915119171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.443277508020401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.4157232642173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.32388490438461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06687048077583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3077248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3077248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.du.edu:etd-2772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/1771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196520","display_name":"Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","host_organization_name":"University of Denver","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8669843313","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1427872","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W160639499","https://openalex.org/W1498305593","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1546411676","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1900408618","https://openalex.org/W1916279783","https://openalex.org/W1920259731","https://openalex.org/W1936750108","https://openalex.org/W1963589611","https://openalex.org/W1975436731","https://openalex.org/W1975517671","https://openalex.org/W1980331490","https://openalex.org/W1991452654","https://openalex.org/W2003677307","https://openalex.org/W2044025975","https://openalex.org/W2076434944","https://openalex.org/W2095569536","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2100799972","https://openalex.org/W2109824782","https://openalex.org/W2122950138","https://openalex.org/W2130530917","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2145773134","https://openalex.org/W2151873133","https://openalex.org/W2169495281","https://openalex.org/W2172296140","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2244142460","https://openalex.org/W2246249023","https://openalex.org/W2280370717","https://openalex.org/W2431335693","https://openalex.org/W2463071499","https://openalex.org/W2508865106","https://openalex.org/W2510940142","https://openalex.org/W2511925527","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2521441681","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2578797046","https://openalex.org/W2605102252","https://openalex.org/W2606611007","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2613997951","https://openalex.org/W2737260104","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2798303923","https://openalex.org/W2885402090","https://openalex.org/W2894176037","https://openalex.org/W2936378539","https://openalex.org/W2955084925","https://openalex.org/W2955747520","https://openalex.org/W2961760817","https://openalex.org/W2962798895","https://openalex.org/W2963026686","https://openalex.org/W2963094609","https://openalex.org/W2963113560","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963466847","https://openalex.org/W2963534981","https://openalex.org/W2963559058","https://openalex.org/W2963713828","https://openalex.org/W2963740830","https://openalex.org/W2963988212","https://openalex.org/W2964105864","https://openalex.org/W2964140013","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2964423614","https://openalex.org/W2966600828","https://openalex.org/W2975178785","https://openalex.org/W3034751874","https://openalex.org/W3101651418","https://openalex.org/W3122081138","https://openalex.org/W4251591997","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6632670727","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6675655370","https://openalex.org/W6675751002","https://openalex.org/W6677328822","https://openalex.org/W6679620863","https://openalex.org/W6680962578","https://openalex.org/W6681239517","https://openalex.org/W6729100687","https://openalex.org/W6729265172","https://openalex.org/W6730323794","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6783596713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2057559274","https://openalex.org/W2005087563","https://openalex.org/W2378111931","https://openalex.org/W4243161226","https://openalex.org/W2950647290","https://openalex.org/W2620829895","https://openalex.org/W2356918560","https://openalex.org/W1968481813","https://openalex.org/W2392886708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"introduces":[2],"an":[3,73],"algorithm":[4,137],"for":[5,130],"facial":[6,131],"expression":[7,132],"recognition":[8],"(FER)":[9],"using":[10,138],"deep":[11,157],"Siamese":[12,62,65],"Neural":[13],"Networks":[14],"(SNNs)":[15],"that":[16],"preserve":[17],"the":[18,24,30,34,86,91,94,98,102,106,111,114,127],"local":[19],"structure":[20],"of":[21,68,145],"images":[22],"in":[23],"embedding":[25,80],"similarity":[26,37],"space.":[27,81],"We":[28,120,134],"designed":[29,43],"network":[31],"to":[32,59,76,124,155],"reveal":[33],"input":[35],"pairs":[36],"by":[38,89,109],"comparing":[39],"features":[40,96,115],"through":[41],"a":[42,48,69,78],"metric.":[44],"Furthermore,":[45],"we":[46],"developed":[47],"novel":[49],"image":[50],"pairing":[51],"(i.e.,":[52],"positive":[53],"and":[54,72,141],"negative":[55],"pairs)":[56],"strategy":[57],"technique":[58],"train":[60],"our":[61,136],"model.":[63],"Our":[64],"model":[66,129],"comprises":[67],"verification":[70,83],"framework":[71,75],"identification":[74,103,128],"learn":[77],"joint":[79],"The":[82],"path":[84,104],"reduces":[85],"intra-class":[87],"variations":[88,108],"minimizing":[90],"distance":[92,112],"between":[93,113],"extracted":[95,116],"from":[97,117],"same":[99],"class,":[100],"while":[101],"increases":[105],"inter-class":[107],"maximizing":[110],"different":[118],"classes.":[119],"apply":[121],"transfer":[122],"learning":[123],"only":[125],"use":[126],"classification.":[133],"evaluated":[135],"AffectNet,":[139],"FER2013,":[140],"Compound":[142],"Facial":[143],"Expressions":[144],"Emotion":[146],"(CFEE)":[147],"datasets,":[148],"where":[149],"better":[150],"results":[151],"are":[152],"achieved":[153],"compared":[154],"other":[156],"learning-based":[158],"approaches.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}