{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136234718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3065726","title":"Automatic Emotion Recognition for Groups: A Review","display_name":"Automatic Emotion Recognition for Groups: A Review","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136234718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3065726","mag":"3136234718"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3065726","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3065726","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/10056372/09376944.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/10056372/09376944.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062426639","display_name":"Emmeke Veltmeijer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0749-4520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emmeke A. Veltmeijer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067019325","display_name":"Charlotte Gerritsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5911-6353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte Gerritsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071518251","display_name":"Koen V. Hindriks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5707-5236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koen V. Hindriks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062426639"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0923,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98710968,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"89","last_page":"107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.7691000699996948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7118058800697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.5969702005386353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowds","display_name":"Crowds","score":0.5612582564353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5401647686958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.5186404585838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-detection","display_name":"Emotion detection","score":0.5172891616821289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4241056740283966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.36372390389442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.34584906697273254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3401946425437927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.7691000699996948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7118058800697327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.5969702005386353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.5612582564353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5401647686958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.5186404585838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988148770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion detection","level":3,"score":0.5172891616821289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4241056740283966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36372390389442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34584906697273254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3401946425437927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3065726","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3065726","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/10056372/09376944.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:openaire/a7a49f88-c596-4985-a0b4-97ffa325b334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/a7a49f88-c596-4985-a0b4-97ffa325b334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Veltmeijer, E A, Gerritsen, C & Hindriks, K 2023, 'Automatic emotion recognition for groups: a review', IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAFFC.2021.3065726","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:openaire_cris_publications/a7a49f88-c596-4985-a0b4-97ffa325b334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/a7a49f88-c596-4985-a0b4-97ffa325b334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Veltmeijer, E A, Gerritsen, C & Hindriks, K 2023, 'Automatic emotion recognition for groups: a review', IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAFFC.2021.3065726","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3065726","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3065726","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/10056372/09376944.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G629491556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NWO)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6419375678","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"016.Vidi.185.178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136234718.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136234718.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1561545444","https://openalex.org/W1569507287","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1603712378","https://openalex.org/W1606493646","https://openalex.org/W1648900468","https://openalex.org/W1969914528","https://openalex.org/W2000665935","https://openalex.org/W2003238582","https://openalex.org/W2012592962","https://openalex.org/W2041616772","https://openalex.org/W2049309882","https://openalex.org/W2057409323","https://openalex.org/W2069689532","https://openalex.org/W2083021723","https://openalex.org/W2090777335","https://openalex.org/W2094637479","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2120109270","https://openalex.org/W2143043044","https://openalex.org/W2148718796","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2157653492","https://openalex.org/W2164489414","https://openalex.org/W2171198878","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2332909796","https://openalex.org/W2410275957","https://openalex.org/W2481681431","https://openalex.org/W2497880326","https://openalex.org/W2546216169","https://openalex.org/W2546649374","https://openalex.org/W2546815862","https://openalex.org/W2547683630","https://openalex.org/W2548437201","https://openalex.org/W2548676029","https://openalex.org/W2549054384","https://openalex.org/W2553597291","https://openalex.org/W2560438049","https://openalex.org/W2738672149","https://openalex.org/W2739474071","https://openalex.org/W2752773286","https://openalex.org/W2767348466","https://openalex.org/W2767359575","https://openalex.org/W2767587331","https://openalex.org/W2767629878","https://openalex.org/W2767661396","https://openalex.org/W2767986562","https://openalex.org/W2770931664","https://openalex.org/W2788118123","https://openalex.org/W2790266151","https://openalex.org/W2793312177","https://openalex.org/W2795976513","https://openalex.org/W2821427990","https://openalex.org/W2888683367","https://openalex.org/W2890140145","https://openalex.org/W2891628231","https://openalex.org/W2894589512","https://openalex.org/W2894944581","https://openalex.org/W2895443688","https://openalex.org/W2896129375","https://openalex.org/W2900945483","https://openalex.org/W2905134562","https://openalex.org/W2907284791","https://openalex.org/W2917597516","https://openalex.org/W2950159094","https://openalex.org/W2950518992","https://openalex.org/W2951529990","https://openalex.org/W2957102742","https://openalex.org/W2961768743","https://openalex.org/W2963826257","https://openalex.org/W2985108241","https://openalex.org/W2990362361","https://openalex.org/W2996209825","https://openalex.org/W2996233743","https://openalex.org/W2997208072","https://openalex.org/W3003618867","https://openalex.org/W3003908700","https://openalex.org/W3025742428","https://openalex.org/W3028139898","https://openalex.org/W3049149679","https://openalex.org/W3101314801","https://openalex.org/W4239256969","https://openalex.org/W6633705743","https://openalex.org/W6684116732","https://openalex.org/W6714505147","https://openalex.org/W6759958584","https://openalex.org/W6773234337"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362650935","https://openalex.org/W3080495370","https://openalex.org/W4391307871","https://openalex.org/W4392502551","https://openalex.org/W4285597148","https://openalex.org/W2336827033","https://openalex.org/W1970739466","https://openalex.org/W2505228240","https://openalex.org/W2141866768","https://openalex.org/W2787157782"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"aims":[2],"to":[3,154],"summarize":[4],"and":[5,42,52,68,77,94,117,129,138,170,180],"describe":[6],"research":[7,122],"on":[8,125,131],"the":[9,19,73,106,110],"topic":[10,20],"of":[11,21,24,75,105,109,148],"automatic":[12,69,82],"group":[13,165],"emotion":[14,22,34,78,83],"recognition.":[15],"In":[16],"recent":[17],"years,":[18],"analysis":[23,104],"groups":[25,76],"or":[26],"crowds":[27],"has":[28],"gained":[29],"interest,":[30],"with":[31,157,163,182,184],"studies":[32],"performing":[33],"detection":[35],"in":[36,81],"different":[37,40,54,167],"contexts,":[38],"using":[39],"datasets":[41,87,128,183],"modalities":[43],"(such":[44],"as":[45],"images,":[46],"video,":[47],"audio,":[48],"social":[49],"media":[50],"messages),":[51],"taking":[53],"approaches.":[55],"Articles":[56],"are":[57,72,99],"included":[58],"after":[59],"an":[60,103],"innovative":[61],"search":[62],"method,":[63],"including":[64],"Dense":[65],"Query":[66],"Extraction":[67],"cross-referencing.":[70],"Discussed":[71],"types":[74],"models":[79],"considered":[80],"recognition":[84],"research,":[85],"common":[86,127],"for":[88,150],"all":[89],"modalities,":[90],"general":[91],"approaches":[92],"taken,":[93],"reported":[95],"performances.":[96],"These":[97],"performances":[98],"discussed,":[100],"followed":[101],"by":[102],"application":[107,160],"possibilities":[108],"discussed":[111],"methods.":[112],"To":[113],"ensure":[114],"clear,":[115],"replicable,":[116],"comparable":[118],"studies,":[119],"we":[120],"suggest":[121],"should":[123,140],"test":[124],"multiple,":[126],"report":[130],"multiple":[132],"metrics,":[133],"when":[134],"possible.":[135,145],"Implementation":[136],"details":[137],"code":[139],"be":[141],"made":[142],"available":[143],"where":[144],"An":[146],"area":[147],"interest":[149],"future":[151],"work":[152],"is":[153],"build":[155],"systems":[156],"more":[158],"real-world":[159],"possibilities,":[161],"coping":[162],"changing":[164,171],"sizes,":[166],"emotional":[168],"subgroups,":[169],"emotions":[172],"over":[173],"time,":[174],"while":[175],"having":[176],"a":[177],"higher":[178],"robustness":[179],"working":[181],"reduced":[185],"biases.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}