{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122454285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3053275","title":"A Survey of Textual Emotion Recognition and Its Challenges","display_name":"A Survey of Textual Emotion Recognition and Its Challenges","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122454285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3053275","mag":"3122454285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3053275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3053275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005007844","display_name":"Jiawen Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0602-8250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922474255","display_name":"Tokushima University","ror":"https://ror.org/044vy1d05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I922474255"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawen Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0602-8250","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I922474255"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071943346","display_name":"Fuji Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-9184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922474255","display_name":"Tokushima University","ror":"https://ror.org/044vy1d05","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I922474255"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuji Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-9184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I922474255"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I922474255"],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.6282,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":185,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98878261,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"49","last_page":"67"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7202585339546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5846702456474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5484302043914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5359540581703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5149310231208801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.5047920942306519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.4996922016143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.4636899530887604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.4491097331047058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.43894749879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.42769360542297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.36500033736228943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.3493397831916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.3242638111114502}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7202585339546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5846702456474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5484302043914795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5359540581703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5149310231208801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.5047920942306519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.4996922016143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.4636899530887604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.4491097331047058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43894749879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.42769360542297363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.36500033736228943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.3493397831916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.3242638111114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3053275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2021.3053275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6615192307","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2003002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323325","funder_display_name":"University of Tokushima"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323325","display_name":"University of Tokushima","ror":"https://ror.org/044vy1d05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":202,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W136468075","https://openalex.org/W852920912","https://openalex.org/W943435019","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1766594731","https://openalex.org/W1830183723","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1947481528","https://openalex.org/W1953606363","https://openalex.org/W1966797434","https://openalex.org/W1977309386","https://openalex.org/W1989736506","https://openalex.org/W1993378086","https://openalex.org/W2008803468","https://openalex.org/W2011432097","https://openalex.org/W2011549243","https://openalex.org/W2043181832","https://openalex.org/W2079281079","https://openalex.org/W2094244309","https://openalex.org/W2098287351","https://openalex.org/W2105468141","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2119466907","https://openalex.org/W2120170821","https://openalex.org/W2128837546","https://openalex.org/W2132555391","https://openalex.org/W2137424107","https://openalex.org/W2144245357","https://openalex.org/W2146334809","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2150193144","https://openalex.org/W2151543699","https://openalex.org/W2151897491","https://openalex.org/W2162010436","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2166950155","https://openalex.org/W2168493061","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250879510","https://openalex.org/W2251401477","https://openalex.org/W2270941958","https://openalex.org/W2288282342","https://openalex.org/W2306941105","https://openalex.org/W2338278523","https://openalex.org/W2338318698","https://openalex.org/W2376179408","https://openalex.org/W2400397113","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2574514673","https://openalex.org/W2582715667","https://openalex.org/W2604675517","https://openalex.org/W2618843390","https://openalex.org/W2619383789","https://openalex.org/W2624871570","https://openalex.org/W2735926531","https://openalex.org/W2737990573","https://openalex.org/W2739774142","https://openalex.org/W2740550900","https://openalex.org/W2740582239","https://openalex.org/W2741036097","https://openalex.org/W2741447225","https://openalex.org/W2757162124","https://openalex.org/W2759474451","https://openalex.org/W2763922629","https://openalex.org/W2765269650","https://openalex.org/W2767106145","https://openalex.org/W2767245172","https://openalex.org/W2784665486","https://openalex.org/W2788967885","https://openalex.org/W2791506524","https://openalex.org/W2792191740","https://openalex.org/W2796430037","https://openalex.org/W2798357113","https://openalex.org/W2800534405","https://openalex.org/W2801464374","https://openalex.org/W2802105481","https://openalex.org/W2803098682","https://openalex.org/W2805662932","https://openalex.org/W2805743500","https://openalex.org/W2805744755","https://openalex.org/W2805944731","https://openalex.org/W2806731175","https://openalex.org/W2806966100","https://openalex.org/W2807869636","https://openalex.org/W2808336242","https://openalex.org/W2886936548","https://openalex.org/W2887558567","https://openalex.org/W2888645598","https://openalex.org/W2889271120","https://openalex.org/W2889361304","https://openalex.org/W2889855823","https://openalex.org/W2891359673","https://openalex.org/W2891424355","https://openalex.org/W2892118011","https://openalex.org/W2899087822","https://openalex.org/W2900160274","https://openalex.org/W2903416531","https://openalex.org/W2904300840","https://openalex.org/W2904900864","https://openalex.org/W2905807898","https://openalex.org/W2907371384","https://openalex.org/W2907891676","https://openalex.org/W2908347420","https://openalex.org/W2913692705","https://openalex.org/W2914236683","https://openalex.org/W2914306653","https://openalex.org/W2915177913","https://openalex.org/W2915622774","https://openalex.org/W2918378401","https://openalex.org/W2921907837","https://openalex.org/W2924116307","https://openalex.org/W2926176473","https://openalex.org/W2927925864","https://openalex.org/W2938574033","https://openalex.org/W2950162539","https://openalex.org/W2950318504","https://openalex.org/W2952190837","https://openalex.org/W2952468927","https://openalex.org/W2952622013","https://openalex.org/W2953612029","https://openalex.org/W2953739332","https://openalex.org/W2953808808","https://openalex.org/W2955109214","https://openalex.org/W2955429306","https://openalex.org/W2955866955","https://openalex.org/W2960022945","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2962869292","https://openalex.org/W2962905870","https://openalex.org/W2962974772","https://openalex.org/W2963168371","https://openalex.org/W2963223838","https://openalex.org/W2963248507","https://openalex.org/W2963291843","https://openalex.org/W2963355447","https://openalex.org/W2963391817","https://openalex.org/W2963429666","https://openalex.org/W2963595743","https://openalex.org/W2963626623","https://openalex.org/W2963647655","https://openalex.org/W2963686995","https://openalex.org/W2963712766","https://openalex.org/W2963729318","https://openalex.org/W2963784080","https://openalex.org/W2963850840","https://openalex.org/W2963873807","https://openalex.org/W2963891433","https://openalex.org/W2964022793","https://openalex.org/W2964094426","https://openalex.org/W2964225211","https://openalex.org/W2964300796","https://openalex.org/W2964301648","https://openalex.org/W2964323046","https://openalex.org/W2966248858","https://openalex.org/W2966269089","https://openalex.org/W2968463578","https://openalex.org/W2969607850","https://openalex.org/W2970405962","https://openalex.org/W2970431814","https://openalex.org/W2970597249","https://openalex.org/W2971296908","https://openalex.org/W2978360381","https://openalex.org/W2986220368","https://openalex.org/W2993915582","https://openalex.org/W3012159372","https://openalex.org/W3094412822","https://openalex.org/W3096230989","https://openalex.org/W3098571047","https://openalex.org/W3099093672","https://openalex.org/W3103205982","https://openalex.org/W3106003309","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4293350112","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W4302343710","https://openalex.org/W4323642664","https://openalex.org/W6605564802","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6683937847","https://openalex.org/W6696191089","https://openalex.org/W6697146284","https://openalex.org/W6713894373","https://openalex.org/W6732069793","https://openalex.org/W6734787708","https://openalex.org/W6737061669","https://openalex.org/W6739365718","https://openalex.org/W6742080785","https://openalex.org/W6743333458","https://openalex.org/W6745297980","https://openalex.org/W6748956627","https://openalex.org/W6751813305","https://openalex.org/W6752542827","https://openalex.org/W6752554729","https://openalex.org/W6754087829","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6756344677","https://openalex.org/W6758958943","https://openalex.org/W6762521896","https://openalex.org/W6763701032","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3080495370","https://openalex.org/W4285597148","https://openalex.org/W2901531394","https://openalex.org/W4288263119","https://openalex.org/W1559262936","https://openalex.org/W3015724364","https://openalex.org/W2967994095","https://openalex.org/W2134707158","https://openalex.org/W4321599321","https://openalex.org/W2767348466"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Textual":[0],"language":[1,12],"is":[2],"the":[3,32,59,93,101,135,147],"most":[4],"natural":[5,11],"carrier":[6],"of":[7,35,58,103,129],"human":[8],"emotion.":[9],"In":[10],"processing,":[13],"textual":[14],"emotion":[15],"recognition":[16],"(TER)":[17],"has":[18,40,45],"become":[19],"an":[20],"important":[21],"topic":[22],"due":[23],"to":[24,71,144],"its":[25],"significant":[26],"academic":[27],"and":[28,44,87,96,105,117,126,138,152],"commercial":[29],"potential.":[30],"With":[31],"advanced":[33],"development":[34],"deep":[36,67,73,130],"learning":[37,74],"technologies,":[38],"TER":[39,61,79,118,131],"attracted":[41],"growing":[42],"attention":[43],"significantly":[46],"been":[47],"promoted":[48],"in":[49,115,119,155],"recent":[50],"years.":[51],"This":[52,121],"article":[53,122],"provides":[54,134],"a":[55,124],"systematic":[56,125],"survey":[57],"latest":[60],"advances,":[62],"focusing":[63],"on":[64,83],"approaches":[65,80],"using":[66],"neural":[68],"networks.":[69],"According":[70],"how":[72],"works":[75],"at":[76],"each":[77],"stage,":[78],"are":[81],"reviewed":[82],"word":[84],"embedding,":[85],"architecture,":[86],"training":[88],"levels,":[89],"respectively.":[90],"We":[91],"discussed":[92],"remaining":[94,150],"challenges":[95],"opportunities":[97],"from":[98],"four":[99],"aspects:":[100],"shortage":[102],"large-scale":[104],"high-quality":[106],"datasets,":[107],"fuzzy":[108],"emotional":[109,113],"boundaries,":[110],"incomplete":[111],"extractable":[112],"information":[114],"texts,":[116],"dialogue.":[120],"creates":[123],"in-depth":[127],"overview":[128],"technologies.":[132],"It":[133],"necessary":[136],"knowledge":[137],"new":[139],"insights":[140],"for":[141],"relevant":[142],"researchers":[143],"understand":[145],"better":[146],"research":[148],"state,":[149],"challenges,":[151],"future":[153],"directions":[154],"this":[156],"field.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-30T07:30:35.949966","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}