{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3112492866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3043603","title":"Unraveling ML Models of Emotion With NOVA: Multi-Level Explainable AI for Non-Experts","display_name":"Unraveling ML Models of Emotion With NOVA: Multi-Level Explainable AI for Non-Experts","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3112492866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3043603","mag":"3112492866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3043603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3043603","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/9874971/09288932.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/9874971/09288932.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021690848","display_name":"Alexander Heimerl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2074-4280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179225836","display_name":"University of Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03p14d497","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Heimerl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lab for Human-Centered AI, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany","[Faculty of Applied Computer Science, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, 86159 (e-mail: heimerl@hcm-lab.de)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2074-4280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lab for Human-Centered AI, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Faculty of Applied Computer Science, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, 86159 (e-mail: heimerl@hcm-lab.de)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022969679","display_name":"Katharina Weitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-2278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179225836","display_name":"University of Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03p14d497","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katharina Weitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lab for Human-Centered AI, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany","Faculty of Applied Computer Science, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, (e-mail: weitz@hcm-lab.de)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lab for Human-Centered AI, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Applied Computer Science, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, (e-mail: weitz@hcm-lab.de)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013717782","display_name":"Tobias Baur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2797-605X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179225836","display_name":"University of Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03p14d497","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Baur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lab for Human-Centered AI, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lab for Human-Centered AI, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056684559","display_name":"Elisabeth Andr\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-162X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179225836","display_name":"University of Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03p14d497","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth Andre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lab for Human-Centered AI, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-162X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lab for Human-Centered AI, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021690848"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9929,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92998935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"1155","last_page":"1167"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.708850085735321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6654492020606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.6617623567581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5738430619239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.53052818775177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5076185464859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nova","display_name":"Nova (rocket)","score":0.505374014377594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38913023471832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.38187599182128906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.708850085735321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6654492020606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.6617623567581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5738430619239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.53052818775177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5076185464859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199364081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183158","display_name":"Nova (rocket)","level":2,"score":0.505374014377594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38913023471832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.38187599182128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3043603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3043603","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/9874971/09288932.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uni-augsburg.opus-bayern.de:83298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/index/index/docId/83298","pdf_url":"https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/index/index/docId/83298","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400930","display_name":"OPUS (Augsburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","host_organization_name":"Augsburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3043603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3043603","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/9874971/09288932.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5726086409","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"392401413","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3112492866.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3112492866.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1875351242","https://openalex.org/W1972508834","https://openalex.org/W2003238582","https://openalex.org/W2023670049","https://openalex.org/W2044140042","https://openalex.org/W2057969163","https://openalex.org/W2066125389","https://openalex.org/W2089258835","https://openalex.org/W2094485533","https://openalex.org/W2110171129","https://openalex.org/W2117614111","https://openalex.org/W2118448219","https://openalex.org/W2126512988","https://openalex.org/W2143074722","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2168317577","https://openalex.org/W2186450909","https://openalex.org/W2246178008","https://openalex.org/W2279187984","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2306941105","https://openalex.org/W2529801398","https://openalex.org/W2594302303","https://openalex.org/W2622826443","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2765369538","https://openalex.org/W2903036152","https://openalex.org/W2921615710","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2965925734","https://openalex.org/W2994898777","https://openalex.org/W2995603090","https://openalex.org/W2998994232","https://openalex.org/W3000005383","https://openalex.org/W3000271234","https://openalex.org/W3013276880","https://openalex.org/W3122081138","https://openalex.org/W3189365070","https://openalex.org/W4206723194","https://openalex.org/W4249871573","https://openalex.org/W4289123308","https://openalex.org/W4289699961","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6676470270","https://openalex.org/W6732003809","https://openalex.org/W6753724168","https://openalex.org/W6756943755","https://openalex.org/W6764454239","https://openalex.org/W7019859633"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606800142","https://openalex.org/W1892467659","https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W1529400504","https://openalex.org/W2081035100","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3206324740","https://openalex.org/W2207989269","https://openalex.org/W4224009465","https://openalex.org/W2044501808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3,165],"introduce":[4],"a":[5,19,74,115,135],"next-generation":[6],"annotation":[7,51],"tool":[8],"called":[9],"<sc":[10],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[11],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">NOVA</small>":[12],"for":[13],"emotional":[14],"behaviour":[15],"analysis,":[16],"which":[17],"implements":[18,63],"workflow":[20],"that":[21,124,143,167],"interactively":[22],"incorporates":[23],"the":[24,27,35,50,55,78,111,140,155,161,170,185,189],"\u2018human":[25],"in":[26,95,169],"loop\u2019.":[28],"A":[29],"main":[30],"aspect":[31],"of":[32,37,77,97,172],"NOVA":[33,62,125],"is":[34],"possibility":[36,56],"applying":[38],"semi-supervised":[39],"active":[40],"learning":[41,157],"where":[42],"Machine":[43],"Learning":[44],"techniques":[45,68,91],"are":[46],"used":[47,129],"already":[48],"during":[49],"process":[52],"by":[53,113,130],"giving":[54],"to":[57,69,134,148,160,175,193],"pre-label":[58],"data":[59],"automatically.":[60],"Furthermore,":[61,139],"recent":[64],"eXplainable":[65],"AI":[66,173],"(XAI)":[67],"provide":[70],"users":[71,147],"with":[72,118],"both,":[73],"confidence":[75],"value":[76],"automatically":[79],"predicted":[80],"annotations,":[81],"as":[82,84,103,105,181,183],"well":[83,104,182],"visual":[85],"explanations.":[86],"We":[87],"investigate":[88],"how":[89],"such":[90],"can":[92,126],"assist":[93],"non-experts":[94,131],"terms":[96],"trust,":[98],"perceived":[99],"self-efficacy,":[100],"cognitive":[101],"workload":[102],"creating":[106],"correct":[107,151],"mental":[108,152],"models":[109,153],"about":[110,154],"system":[112,158],"conducting":[114],"user":[116],"study":[117],"53":[119],"participants.":[120],"The":[121],"results":[122,141],"show":[123],"easily":[127],"be":[128,176],"and":[132,188],"lead":[133],"high":[136],"computer":[137],"self-efficacy.":[138],"indicate":[142],"XAI":[144],"visualisations":[145],"help":[146],"create":[149],"more":[150,177],"machine":[156],"compared":[159],"baseline":[162],"condition.":[163],"Nevertheless,":[164],"suggest":[166],"explanations":[168],"field":[171],"have":[174],"focused":[178],"on":[179,184],"user-needs":[180],"classification":[186],"task":[187],"model":[190],"they":[191],"want":[192],"explain.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-30T09:04:40.226872","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}