{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3105994851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3038137","title":"Touching Virtual Humans: Haptic Responses Reveal the Emotional Impact of Affective Agents","display_name":"Touching Virtual Humans: Haptic Responses Reveal the Emotional Impact of Affective Agents","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3105994851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3038137","mag":"3105994851"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3038137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3038137","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/10056372/09258960.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/10056372/09258960.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005189529","display_name":"Imtiaj Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5917-5460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imtiaj Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5917-5460","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012270848","display_name":"Ville Harjunen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-0488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ville J. Harjunen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-0488","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074899838","display_name":"Giulio Jacucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-7928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulio Jacucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9185-7928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042179910","display_name":"Niklas Ravaja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1876-8731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niklas Ravaja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1876-8731","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064247235","display_name":"Tuukka Ruotsalo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2203-4928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuukka Ruotsalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2203-4928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030850124","display_name":"Michiel Spap\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3126-1380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michiel M. Spap\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3126-1380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"fwci":2.7293,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90431588,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"331","last_page":"342"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.735954761505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.7058840394020081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.6617279648780823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-expression","display_name":"Emotional expression","score":0.6230266094207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6057589650154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","score":0.5109778642654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arousal","display_name":"Arousal","score":0.48086005449295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valence","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","score":0.46324411034584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.4549618661403656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-communication","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","score":0.4515381157398224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3687978982925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2918173670768738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.264736533164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2115442156791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.18769195675849915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.16913995146751404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.735954761505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.7058840394020081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6617279648780823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143110190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373787","display_name":"Emotional expression","level":2,"score":0.6230266094207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6057589650154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5109778642654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.48086005449295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168900304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171407","display_name":"Valence (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.46324411034584045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4549618661403656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.4515381157398224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3687978982925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2918173670768738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.264736533164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2115442156791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.18769195675849915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.16913995146751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3038137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3038137","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/10056372/09258960.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/e9a84513-cc94-4bf4-94c4-651bba044b23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/e9a84513-cc94-4bf4-94c4-651bba044b23","pdf_url":"https://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/389676489/Touching_Virtual_Humans_Haptic_Responses_Reveal_the_Emotional_Impact_of_Affective_Agents.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ahmed , I , Harjunen , V J , Jacucci , G , Ravaja , N , Ruotsalo , T & Spape , M 2023 , ' Touching Virtual Humans : Haptic Responses Reveal the Emotional Impact of Affective Agents ' , IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing , vol. 14 , no. 1 , pp. 331-342 . https://doi.org/10.1109/TAFFC.2020.3038137","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/356774","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/356774","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3038137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3038137","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165369/10056372/09258960.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1182013117","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#305577","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7358341006","display_name":"Implicit physiological human-information interaction","funder_award_id":"322653","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3105994851.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3105994851.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78145417","https://openalex.org/W204453183","https://openalex.org/W1516928110","https://openalex.org/W1527249759","https://openalex.org/W1585020229","https://openalex.org/W1604092692","https://openalex.org/W1607813805","https://openalex.org/W1687870758","https://openalex.org/W1963945289","https://openalex.org/W1969353858","https://openalex.org/W1977340767","https://openalex.org/W1979518809","https://openalex.org/W1979538975","https://openalex.org/W2003238582","https://openalex.org/W2014592941","https://openalex.org/W2014761299","https://openalex.org/W2028600796","https://openalex.org/W2036617830","https://openalex.org/W2040167560","https://openalex.org/W2060346393","https://openalex.org/W2067953188","https://openalex.org/W2069420753","https://openalex.org/W2069467914","https://openalex.org/W2075693168","https://openalex.org/W2087875540","https://openalex.org/W2097118874","https://openalex.org/W2100546538","https://openalex.org/W2107865346","https://openalex.org/W2111789233","https://openalex.org/W2114339341","https://openalex.org/W2126329913","https://openalex.org/W2130964124","https://openalex.org/W2134031328","https://openalex.org/W2140678352","https://openalex.org/W2141093480","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2157484251","https://openalex.org/W2163898766","https://openalex.org/W2289108526","https://openalex.org/W2513874396","https://openalex.org/W2518488749","https://openalex.org/W2548590091","https://openalex.org/W2556275912","https://openalex.org/W2571810459","https://openalex.org/W2694977139","https://openalex.org/W2773547303","https://openalex.org/W2801830025","https://openalex.org/W2804080589","https://openalex.org/W2808107827","https://openalex.org/W2884315033","https://openalex.org/W2902892233","https://openalex.org/W2959762445","https://openalex.org/W2998177562","https://openalex.org/W4231421168","https://openalex.org/W4249609777","https://openalex.org/W6603192701","https://openalex.org/W6608456095","https://openalex.org/W6683384087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029072726","https://openalex.org/W91913183","https://openalex.org/W2936882366","https://openalex.org/W2736893848","https://openalex.org/W2128698257","https://openalex.org/W1544055438","https://openalex.org/W3003450285","https://openalex.org/W2013608943","https://openalex.org/W4399628019","https://openalex.org/W2085024878"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interpersonal":[0],"touch":[1,23,52],"is":[2],"critical":[3],"for":[4,12],"social-emotional":[5],"development":[6],"and":[7,30,95,104,123,130],"presents":[8],"a":[9,44,60],"powerful":[10],"modality":[11],"communicating":[13],"emotions.":[14],"Virtual":[15],"agents":[16,119],"of":[17,43,84,106,118,140],"the":[18,40,49,53,65,72,80,107,113],"future":[19],"could":[20],"capitalize":[21],"on":[22,87],"to":[24,58,111],"establish":[25],"social":[26],"bonds":[27],"with":[28],"humans":[29,51],"facilitate":[31],"cooperation":[32],"in":[33,68,127],"virtual":[34,45,145],"reality":[35],"(VR).":[36],"We":[37],"studied":[38],"whether":[39],"emotional":[41,74,85,128],"expression":[42,75,117],"agent":[46],"would":[47],"affect":[48],"way":[50],"agent.":[54],"Participants":[55],"were":[56,109],"asked":[57],"hold":[59],"pressure-sensing":[61],"tube":[62],"presented":[63],"as":[64,97,99],"agent\u2019s":[66,73],"arm":[67],"VR.":[69],"Upon":[70],"seeing":[71],"change,":[76],"participants":[77],"briefly":[78],"squeezed":[79],"arm.":[81],"The":[82],"effect":[83],"expressions":[86],"affective":[88],"state":[89],"was":[90],"measured":[91],"using":[92],"self-reported":[93],"valence":[94],"arousal":[96],"well":[98],"physiology-based":[100],"indices.":[101],"Onset,":[102],"duration,":[103],"intensity":[105,122],"squeeze":[108,121],"recorded":[110],"examine":[112],"haptic":[114],"responses.":[115],"Emotional":[116],"affected":[120],"duration":[124],"through":[125],"changes":[126],"perception":[129],"experience.":[131],"Haptic":[132],"responses":[133],"may":[134],"thus":[135],"provide":[136],"an":[137],"implicit":[138],"measure":[139],"persons\u2019":[141],"experience":[142],"towards":[143],"their":[144],"companion.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}