{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3094144570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3032373","title":"Audio Features for Music Emotion Recognition: A Survey","display_name":"Audio Features for Music Emotion Recognition: A Survey","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3094144570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3032373","mag":"3094144570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3032373","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3032373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/37779","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059889398","display_name":"Renato Panda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2539-5590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126619","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Tomar","ror":"https://ror.org/03gsfpp62","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126619"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renato Panda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics Engineering, Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","Ci2, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Tomar, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2539-5590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics Engineering, Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ci2, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Tomar, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027354510","display_name":"Ricardo Malheiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3010-2732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153961","display_name":"Instituto Superior Miguel Torga","ror":"https://ror.org/04xkdwy10","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo Malheiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics Engineering, Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","Miguel Torga Higher Institute, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3010-2732","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics Engineering, Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Miguel Torga Higher Institute, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038315186","display_name":"Rui Pedro Paiva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3215-3960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Pedro Paiva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics Engineering, Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3215-3960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics Engineering, Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8049,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":162,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97842868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"68","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10788","display_name":"Neuroscience and Music Perception","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.6381757855415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5955260992050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5841166377067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/music-and-emotion","display_name":"Music and emotion","score":0.5183573365211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musical","display_name":"Musical","score":0.502561092376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tone","display_name":"Tone (literature)","score":0.49574097990989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.4829941987991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/music-psychology","display_name":"Music psychology","score":0.47764599323272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.42664629220962524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rhythm","display_name":"Rhythm","score":0.4142690598964691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audio-signal-processing","display_name":"Audio signal processing","score":0.414157509803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.39317888021469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3146844804286957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audio-signal","display_name":"Audio signal","score":0.28117889165878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aesthetics","display_name":"Aesthetics","score":0.13164451718330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.10998061299324036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/music-history","display_name":"Music history","score":0.09477755427360535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-arts","display_name":"Visual arts","score":0.08533233404159546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.6381757855415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5955260992050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5841166377067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10864753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4353948","display_name":"Music and emotion","level":4,"score":0.5183573365211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.502561092376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780583480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366327","display_name":"Tone (literature)","level":2,"score":0.49574097990989685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.4829941987991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146902061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476590","display_name":"Music psychology","level":3,"score":0.47764599323272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42664629220962524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135343436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170406","display_name":"Rhythm","level":2,"score":0.4142690598964691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127220857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2719318","display_name":"Audio signal processing","level":4,"score":0.414157509803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.39317888021469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3146844804286957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64922751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4650799","display_name":"Audio signal","level":3,"score":0.28117889165878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.13164451718330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10998061299324036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82327399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10590700","display_name":"Music history","level":3,"score":0.09477755427360535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.08533233404159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13895895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3270773","display_name":"Speech coding","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3032373","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2020.3032373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:comum.rcaap.pt:10400.26/37779","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/37779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402433","display_name":"Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:estudogeral.sib.uc.pt:10316/95975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10316/95975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401208","display_name":"Estudo Geral (Universidade de Coimbra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2802025818","host_organization_name":"Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802025818"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:estudogeral.uc.pt:10316/114653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10316/114653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402070","display_name":"Estudo Geral (Universidad de Coimbra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","host_organization_name":"University of Coimbra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:comum.rcaap.pt:10400.26/37779","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/37779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402433","display_name":"Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":128,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385545","https://openalex.org/W41198089","https://openalex.org/W44499633","https://openalex.org/W52205210","https://openalex.org/W59186300","https://openalex.org/W75292264","https://openalex.org/W103423544","https://openalex.org/W207683342","https://openalex.org/W277355160","https://openalex.org/W353234340","https://openalex.org/W570608220","https://openalex.org/W658341431","https://openalex.org/W1518164296","https://openalex.org/W1528099392","https://openalex.org/W1539018321","https://openalex.org/W1546551919","https://openalex.org/W1555624188","https://openalex.org/W1598428824","https://openalex.org/W1599549575","https://openalex.org/W1699047987","https://openalex.org/W1807142569","https://openalex.org/W1838208992","https://openalex.org/W1971508105","https://openalex.org/W1971594827","https://openalex.org/W1975929202","https://openalex.org/W1976069042","https://openalex.org/W1976191555","https://openalex.org/W1977040817","https://openalex.org/W1982165221","https://openalex.org/W1983507146","https://openalex.org/W1987399069","https://openalex.org/W1988060680","https://openalex.org/W1988665788","https://openalex.org/W1989077545","https://openalex.org/W1992466751","https://openalex.org/W1994477474","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1997868430","https://openalex.org/W2008066450","https://openalex.org/W2016171011","https://openalex.org/W2023001347","https://openalex.org/W2027475157","https://openalex.org/W2033886336","https://openalex.org/W2038481898","https://openalex.org/W2045784978","https://openalex.org/W2046255764","https://openalex.org/W2072592751","https://openalex.org/W2074424647","https://openalex.org/W2074788634","https://openalex.org/W2083116372","https://openalex.org/W2083488428","https://openalex.org/W2083660934","https://openalex.org/W2084044763","https://openalex.org/W2091425152","https://openalex.org/W2092387354","https://openalex.org/W2092914491","https://openalex.org/W2102895786","https://openalex.org/W2125324924","https://openalex.org/W2125655214","https://openalex.org/W2148154194","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2150988854","https://openalex.org/W2152593171","https://openalex.org/W2161336914","https://openalex.org/W2168501915","https://openalex.org/W2171848217","https://openalex.org/W2283125477","https://openalex.org/W2294323335","https://openalex.org/W2307348861","https://openalex.org/W2319746268","https://openalex.org/W2402025388","https://openalex.org/W2404620398","https://openalex.org/W2406676415","https://openalex.org/W2469054758","https://openalex.org/W2495323687","https://openalex.org/W2509286793","https://openalex.org/W2516392987","https://openalex.org/W2529478963","https://openalex.org/W2573462484","https://openalex.org/W2574848109","https://openalex.org/W2586783513","https://openalex.org/W2592535880","https://openalex.org/W2603310600","https://openalex.org/W2621651613","https://openalex.org/W2739665188","https://openalex.org/W2785708189","https://openalex.org/W2795014578","https://openalex.org/W2796494948","https://openalex.org/W2799765158","https://openalex.org/W2961359921","https://openalex.org/W2963374347","https://openalex.org/W2973902582","https://openalex.org/W2991611669","https://openalex.org/W3037149862","https://openalex.org/W3162751116","https://openalex.org/W4233026485","https://openalex.org/W4234599425","https://openalex.org/W4254263721","https://openalex.org/W4297675714","https://openalex.org/W6600110733","https://openalex.org/W6601668641","https://openalex.org/W6601738571","https://openalex.org/W6603166286","https://openalex.org/W6604152868","https://openalex.org/W6608508128","https://openalex.org/W6610026574","https://openalex.org/W6621935268","https://openalex.org/W6631519279","https://openalex.org/W6632627608","https://openalex.org/W6632988796","https://openalex.org/W6633159286","https://openalex.org/W6633310046","https://openalex.org/W6635661611","https://openalex.org/W6695588714","https://openalex.org/W6697023568","https://openalex.org/W6712946787","https://openalex.org/W6714143802","https://openalex.org/W6728400142","https://openalex.org/W6732170068","https://openalex.org/W6732230594","https://openalex.org/W6733434541","https://openalex.org/W6735817216","https://openalex.org/W6738953990","https://openalex.org/W6748171865","https://openalex.org/W6767515837","https://openalex.org/W6771215259","https://openalex.org/W6795512330","https://openalex.org/W6945850788"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600968086","https://openalex.org/W3080495370","https://openalex.org/W2154264744","https://openalex.org/W4390819780","https://openalex.org/W4293426679","https://openalex.org/W2155953287","https://openalex.org/W2776791536","https://openalex.org/W4387337982","https://openalex.org/W2510254012","https://openalex.org/W4285597148"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"design":[1,146],"of":[2,88,115,119,147],"meaningful":[3],"audio":[4,29,83,149],"features":[5,84],"is":[6,132],"a":[7,22,135],"key":[8,142],"need":[9],"to":[10,133],"advance":[11],"the":[12,25,33,38,113,128,145],"state-of-the-art":[13],"in":[14],"music":[15,34],"emotion":[16,109],"recognition":[17],"(MER).":[18],"This":[19],"article":[20],"presents":[21],"survey":[23],"on":[24,37,58,72,140],"existing":[26],"emotionally-relevant":[27,148],"computational":[28,82],"features,":[30],"supported":[31],"by":[32],"psychology":[35],"literature":[36],"relations":[39],"between":[40],"eight":[41],"musical":[42,89],"dimensions":[43],"(melody,":[44],"harmony,":[45],"rhythm,":[46],"dynamics,":[47],"tone":[48],"color,":[49],"expressivity,":[50],"texture":[51,91],"and":[52,54,63,67,92,122,137],"form)":[53],"specific":[55,138],"emotions.":[56],"Based":[57],"this":[59],"review,":[60],"current":[61],"gaps":[62],"needs":[64],"are":[65,77],"identified":[66],"strategies":[68],"for":[69,75,81,112],"future":[70],"research":[71],"feature":[73],"engineering":[74],"MER":[76,100,120,125,143],"proposed,":[78],"namely":[79],"ideas":[80],"that":[85,94],"capture":[86],"elements":[87],"form,":[90],"expressivity":[93],"should":[95],"be":[96],"further":[97],"researched.":[98],"Previous":[99],"surveys":[101],"offered":[102],"broad":[103],"reviews,":[104],"covering":[105],"topics":[106],"such":[107],"as":[108],"paradigms,":[110],"approaches":[111],"collection":[114],"ground-truth":[116],"data,":[117],"types":[118],"problems":[121],"overviewing":[123],"different":[124],"systems.":[126],"On":[127],"contrary,":[129],"our":[130],"approach":[131],"offer":[134],"deep":[136],"review":[139],"one":[141],"problem:":[144],"features.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}