{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2929144106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2019.2908837","title":"Automatic Detection of Mind Wandering from Video in the Lab and in the Classroom","display_name":"Automatic Detection of Mind Wandering from Video in the Lab and in the Classroom","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2929144106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2019.2908837","mag":"2929144106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2019.2908837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2019.2908837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013490855","display_name":"Nigel Bosch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2736-2899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nigel Bosch","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Sciences and the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Sciences and the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008316506","display_name":"Sidney K. D\u2019Mello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-2807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidney K. D'Mello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cognitive Science and the Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cognitive Science and the Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013490855"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4656,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95183956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"974","last_page":"988"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.9610999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.6844778656959534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.5142380595207214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48182836174964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4700518846511841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.42869487404823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.41379034519195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.410783052444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.3673822283744812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3031182289123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2746685743331909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.19066676497459412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10764259099960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10500523447990417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.6844778656959534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.5142380595207214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48182836174964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4700518846511841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.42869487404823303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.41379034519195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.410783052444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3673822283744812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3031182289123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2746685743331909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.19066676497459412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10764259099960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10500523447990417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2019.2908837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2019.2908837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1569756254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL 1235958","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5102263402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS 1523091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":125,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71452371","https://openalex.org/W80135617","https://openalex.org/W100746835","https://openalex.org/W107670845","https://openalex.org/W120065238","https://openalex.org/W995567847","https://openalex.org/W1495061682","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1550203616","https://openalex.org/W1593701257","https://openalex.org/W1594031697","https://openalex.org/W1808644423","https://openalex.org/W1859092166","https://openalex.org/W1875943490","https://openalex.org/W1956121861","https://openalex.org/W1960505829","https://openalex.org/W1964716415","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1968600824","https://openalex.org/W1969761972","https://openalex.org/W1970373127","https://openalex.org/W1980889629","https://openalex.org/W1987903588","https://openalex.org/W1989600960","https://openalex.org/W1990999410","https://openalex.org/W2001835739","https://openalex.org/W2012183781","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2015055780","https://openalex.org/W2020533511","https://openalex.org/W2020865084","https://openalex.org/W2029386843","https://openalex.org/W2029976544","https://openalex.org/W2030165214","https://openalex.org/W2037226126","https://openalex.org/W2038228815","https://openalex.org/W2043463111","https://openalex.org/W2049456899","https://openalex.org/W2049510292","https://openalex.org/W2055414800","https://openalex.org/W2059427866","https://openalex.org/W2061883848","https://openalex.org/W2062024333","https://openalex.org/W2065996197","https://openalex.org/W2069103776","https://openalex.org/W2073399744","https://openalex.org/W2075820660","https://openalex.org/W2081112272","https://openalex.org/W2081488795","https://openalex.org/W2082202125","https://openalex.org/W2085115106","https://openalex.org/W2091491077","https://openalex.org/W2092149425","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2105410877","https://openalex.org/W2109720649","https://openalex.org/W2110706322","https://openalex.org/W2111001556","https://openalex.org/W2117194251","https://openalex.org/W2117645142","https://openalex.org/W2121080242","https://openalex.org/W2122394957","https://openalex.org/W2127076751","https://openalex.org/W2133128608","https://openalex.org/W2135840784","https://openalex.org/W2136487516","https://openalex.org/W2145310492","https://openalex.org/W2146682940","https://openalex.org/W2146950091","https://openalex.org/W2149973877","https://openalex.org/W2151401338","https://openalex.org/W2152431559","https://openalex.org/W2153958911","https://openalex.org/W2158820915","https://openalex.org/W2159668072","https://openalex.org/W2160482716","https://openalex.org/W2160967924","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2169454613","https://openalex.org/W2169570446","https://openalex.org/W2170560516","https://openalex.org/W2171002103","https://openalex.org/W2171822968","https://openalex.org/W2189157226","https://openalex.org/W2241121615","https://openalex.org/W2277340224","https://openalex.org/W2283850006","https://openalex.org/W2308440414","https://openalex.org/W2341066319","https://openalex.org/W2345031027","https://openalex.org/W2346245726","https://openalex.org/W2395639500","https://openalex.org/W2406516692","https://openalex.org/W2407869609","https://openalex.org/W2465451462","https://openalex.org/W2485075409","https://openalex.org/W2586364582","https://openalex.org/W2590255117","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2632394526","https://openalex.org/W2725237082","https://openalex.org/W2805421201","https://openalex.org/W2806439279","https://openalex.org/W2809783006","https://openalex.org/W2893167063","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2947760526","https://openalex.org/W2990339436","https://openalex.org/W2998216295","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4299687266","https://openalex.org/W4388365440","https://openalex.org/W4399639995","https://openalex.org/W6604905598","https://openalex.org/W6625895636","https://openalex.org/W6629652716","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6690350302","https://openalex.org/W6714368783","https://openalex.org/W6719330748","https://openalex.org/W6751854315","https://openalex.org/W6764010985","https://openalex.org/W6869062295","https://openalex.org/W7066667914"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2931688134","https://openalex.org/W2377919138","https://openalex.org/W2378857091","https://openalex.org/W2999756192","https://openalex.org/W103652678","https://openalex.org/W4226090359","https://openalex.org/W2059697060","https://openalex.org/W936373746","https://openalex.org/W2975817033","https://openalex.org/W4382701072"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,185],"report":[1],"two":[2],"studies":[3],"that":[4],"used":[5],"facial":[6,89,92],"features":[7],"to":[8,23,106,195,202],"automatically":[9],"detect":[10],"mind":[11,159],"wandering,":[12],"a":[13,27,37,42],"ubiquitous":[14],"phenomenon":[15],"whereby":[16],"attention":[17],"drifts":[18],"from":[19,54],"the":[20,68,114,162,175,188],"current":[21],"task":[22],"unrelated":[24],"thoughts.":[25],"In":[26,67],"laboratory":[28],"study,":[29],"university":[30],"students":[31,47],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[32,48,141],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$(N":[33,49],"=":[34,50],"152)$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[35],"read":[36],"scientific":[38],"text,":[39],"whereas":[40],"in":[41,113,125,161],"classroom":[43,183],"study":[44],"high":[45],"school":[46],"135)$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[51],"learned":[52],"biology":[53],"an":[55],"intelligent":[56,193],"tutoring":[57],"system.":[58],"Mind":[59],"wandering":[60,160,203],"was":[61],"measured":[62],"using":[63],"validated":[64],"self-report":[65],"methods.":[66],"lab,":[69],"we":[70,117],"recorded":[71,112],"face":[72],"videos":[73,109],"and":[74,99,122,136,146,149,164,198],"analyzed":[75],"these":[76],"at":[77],"six":[78],"levels":[79],"of":[80,103,131,144],"granularity:":[81],"(1)":[82],"upper-body":[83],"movement;":[84],"(2)":[85],"head":[86,119],"pose;":[87],"(3)":[88],"textures;":[90],"(4)":[91],"action":[93],"units":[94],"(AUs);":[95],"(5)":[96],"co-occurring":[97],"AUs;":[98],"(6)":[100],"temporal":[101],"dynamics":[102],"AUs.":[104],"Due":[105],"privacy":[107],"constraints,":[108],"were":[110],"not":[111],"classroom.":[115],"Instead,":[116],"extracted":[118],"pose,":[120],"AUs,":[121],"AU":[123],"co-occurrences":[124],"real-time.":[126],"Machine":[127],"learning":[128,199],"models,":[129],"consisting":[130],"support":[132],"vector":[133],"machines":[134],"(SVM)":[135],"deep":[137],"neural":[138],"networks,":[139],"achieved":[140,170],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$F_{1}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[142],"scores":[143],".478":[145],".414":[147],"(25.4":[148],"20.9":[150],"percent":[151,172],"above-chance":[152],"improvements,":[153],"both":[154],"with":[155],"SVMs)":[156],"for":[157,182],"detecting":[158],"lab":[163],"classroom,":[165],"respectively.":[166],"The":[167],"lab-based":[168],"detectors":[169,189],"8.4":[171],"improvement":[173],"over":[174],"previous":[176],"state-of-the-art;":[177],"no":[178],"comparison":[179],"is":[180],"available":[181],"detectors.":[184],"discuss":[186],"how":[187],"can":[190],"integrate":[191],"into":[192],"interfaces":[194],"increase":[196],"engagement":[197],"by":[200],"responding":[201],"minds.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
