{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2328363150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2016.2535291","title":"Toward Use of Facial Thermal Features in Dynamic Assessment of Affect and Arousal Level","display_name":"Toward Use of Facial Thermal Features in Dynamic Assessment of Affect and Arousal Level","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2328363150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2016.2535291","mag":"2328363150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2016.2535291","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2016.2535291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023632529","display_name":"Masood Mehmood Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2769-2380"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masood Mehmood Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, Bentley Campus, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2769-2380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Bentley Campus, Perth, Western Australia, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062492425","display_name":"Robert Ward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1917-2035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert D. Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Human and Health Sciences and School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Human and Health Sciences and School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084639930","display_name":"Michael Ingleby","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["GB","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Ingleby","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia","University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89976166,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"412","last_page":"425"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14512","display_name":"Technology and Human Factors in Education and Health","score":0.9703999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arousal","display_name":"Arousal","score":0.8822529315948486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.7771425247192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6509881019592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.6098450422286987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.580417275428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.49354660511016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.4904725253582001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-arousal-theory","display_name":"Low arousal theory","score":0.4394736588001251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.4269619584083557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37805044651031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3256719708442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2728964388370514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.22705402970314026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1740354299545288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.12145784497261047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.8822529315948486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7771425247192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6509881019592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6098450422286987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.580417275428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.49354660511016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4904725253582001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83629485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6692974","display_name":"Low arousal theory","level":3,"score":0.4394736588001251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.4269619584083557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37805044651031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3256719708442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2728964388370514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.22705402970314026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1740354299545288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.12145784497261047}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taffc.2016.2535291","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taffc.2016.2535291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S104780363","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","issn_l":"1949-3045","issn":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.curtin.edu.au:20.500.11937/22628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/22628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401790","display_name":"eSpace (Curtin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","host_organization_name":"Curtin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320987","display_name":"Curtin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":100,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26037324","https://openalex.org/W34713607","https://openalex.org/W67645606","https://openalex.org/W118951276","https://openalex.org/W1534408902","https://openalex.org/W1554663460","https://openalex.org/W1556399758","https://openalex.org/W1738371459","https://openalex.org/W1761337995","https://openalex.org/W1815942593","https://openalex.org/W1964584093","https://openalex.org/W1966962584","https://openalex.org/W1982744631","https://openalex.org/W1996277343","https://openalex.org/W1997507645","https://openalex.org/W2000982104","https://openalex.org/W2001524316","https://openalex.org/W2003188345","https://openalex.org/W2006681076","https://openalex.org/W2007350404","https://openalex.org/W2008281615","https://openalex.org/W2009250875","https://openalex.org/W2009375902","https://openalex.org/W2012789877","https://openalex.org/W2016498460","https://openalex.org/W2021463223","https://openalex.org/W2022409915","https://openalex.org/W2025357764","https://openalex.org/W2029532387","https://openalex.org/W2033773055","https://openalex.org/W2042310585","https://openalex.org/W2044019995","https://openalex.org/W2049539445","https://openalex.org/W2051090929","https://openalex.org/W2053530418","https://openalex.org/W2056049575","https://openalex.org/W2070353225","https://openalex.org/W2072184377","https://openalex.org/W2076641791","https://openalex.org/W2082128446","https://openalex.org/W2091403031","https://openalex.org/W2092395618","https://openalex.org/W2093586769","https://openalex.org/W2094818450","https://openalex.org/W2096453912","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2102548748","https://openalex.org/W2102998034","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2106947945","https://openalex.org/W2117908922","https://openalex.org/W2120258909","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2124901121","https://openalex.org/W2125956002","https://openalex.org/W2127865934","https://openalex.org/W2129476886","https://openalex.org/W2132148016","https://openalex.org/W2133080659","https://openalex.org/W2136013692","https://openalex.org/W2136119880","https://openalex.org/W2137163739","https://openalex.org/W2139046924","https://openalex.org/W2142361057","https://openalex.org/W2143556032","https://openalex.org/W2146558719","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2152627593","https://openalex.org/W2155246071","https://openalex.org/W2156503193","https://openalex.org/W2159017231","https://openalex.org/W2159173611","https://openalex.org/W2162591825","https://openalex.org/W2164368909","https://openalex.org/W2167575933","https://openalex.org/W2167600723","https://openalex.org/W2178150770","https://openalex.org/W2180532674","https://openalex.org/W2220166841","https://openalex.org/W2625607597","https://openalex.org/W2900790966","https://openalex.org/W2946287218","https://openalex.org/W2958747939","https://openalex.org/W2974550657","https://openalex.org/W3021561300","https://openalex.org/W3111702314","https://openalex.org/W3150894447","https://openalex.org/W4210267733","https://openalex.org/W4213190446","https://openalex.org/W4236781735","https://openalex.org/W4240501203","https://openalex.org/W4298266977","https://openalex.org/W4388297464","https://openalex.org/W4388323337","https://openalex.org/W4388323405","https://openalex.org/W6601060656","https://openalex.org/W6655742669","https://openalex.org/W6688989123","https://openalex.org/W6765772038","https://openalex.org/W6768225298"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041479807","https://openalex.org/W124512866","https://openalex.org/W2936882366","https://openalex.org/W2027119016","https://openalex.org/W2328228261","https://openalex.org/W3022157546","https://openalex.org/W2899994351","https://openalex.org/W1980474602","https://openalex.org/W1978439689","https://openalex.org/W3097262675"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"assessment":[1,31],"of":[2,37,76,97,105,123,153,175],"affect":[3,28,50,128,132],"and":[4,10,15,29,32,45,83,118,139,150],"arousal":[5,30,52,141,157,173],"level":[6,53,174],"can":[7],"help":[8],"psychologists":[9],"psychiatrists":[11],"in":[12,26,49],"clinical":[13],"diagnoses;":[14],"may":[16],"enable":[17],"affect-aware":[18],"robot-human":[19],"interaction.":[20],"This":[21],"work":[22],"identifies":[23],"major":[24],"difficulties":[25],"automating":[27],"attempts":[33],"to":[34,67,88,110,126,160,170],"overcome":[35],"some":[36],"them.":[38],"We":[39],"first":[40],"analyze":[41],"thermal":[42,72,91,100,124],"infrared":[43],"images":[44],"examine":[46],"how":[47],"changes":[48],"and/or":[51],"would":[54],"cause":[55],"h\u00e6modynamic":[56],"variations,":[57],"concentrated":[58],"along":[59],"certain":[60],"facial":[61,71,90,99],"muscles.":[62],"These":[63],"concentrations":[64],"are":[65,86,108,134],"used":[66,87,109,169],"measure":[68],"affect/arousal":[69],"induced":[70],"variations.":[73],"In":[74,130],"step-1":[75],"a":[77,121,146,161],"2-step":[78],"pattern":[79],"recognition":[80],"schema,":[81],"`between-affect'":[82],"`between-arousal-level'":[84],"variations":[85],"derive":[89],"features":[92,125],"as":[93],"Principal":[94],"Components":[95],"(PCs)":[96],"the":[98,112,151,172,176],"measurements.":[101],"The":[102,143],"most":[103],"influential":[104],"these":[106],"PCs":[107],"cluster":[111],"feature":[113],"space":[114],"for":[115],"different":[116],"affects":[117],"subsequently":[119],"assign":[120],"set":[122],"an":[127],"cluster.":[129],"step-2,":[131],"clusters":[133],"partitioned":[135],"into":[136],"high,":[137],"medium":[138],"mild":[140],"levels.":[142],"distance":[144],"between":[145],"test":[147],"face":[148],"vector":[149],"centroids":[152],"sub-clusters":[154],"at":[155],"three":[156],"levels":[158],"belonging":[159],"single":[162],"affective":[163,178],"state,":[164],"identified":[165,177],"from":[166],"step-1,":[167],"is":[168],"determine":[171],"state.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}