{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164001895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3701697","title":"Geometry-Dependent PCRLB for Target Tracking in Clutter With Radar Measurement Uncertainty","display_name":"Geometry-Dependent PCRLB for Target Tracking in Clutter With Radar Measurement Uncertainty","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164001895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3701697"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2026.3701697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3701697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006790052","display_name":"Yifang Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-3629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-3629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040809339","display_name":"Y Victoria Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3503-7593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4860-1910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046767562","display_name":"Lingjiao Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6898-3004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingjiao Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6898-3004","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041017781","display_name":"Dongliang Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-2511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongliang Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-2511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037748023","display_name":"Qiang Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1586-5598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1586-5598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138237043","display_name":"Haewoon Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9847-7023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haewoon Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9847-7023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138213397","display_name":"Alfonso Farina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-2427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76806421","display_name":"SELEX Sistemi Integrati","ror":"https://ror.org/02sj0zy88","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76806421"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfonso Farina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Selex-Es, retired, consultant, Roma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-2427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Selex-Es, retired, consultant, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76806421"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75166478,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"12677","last_page":"12691"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.13009999692440033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.13009999692440033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.1273999959230423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14423","display_name":"Military Technology and Strategies","score":0.039000000804662704,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.8069000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.7167999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5823000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5562999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-probability-of-intercept-radar","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-horizon","display_name":"Radar horizon","score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-doppler-radar","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moving-target-indication","display_name":"Moving target indication","score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-detection","display_name":"Radar detection","score":0.4235999882221222}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.8069000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.7167999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.617900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5823000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5562999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147345108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693040","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","level":5,"score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131493965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279983","display_name":"Radar horizon","level":5,"score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139931591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029151","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","level":4,"score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162416716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446180","display_name":"Moving target indication","level":5,"score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4397999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989048297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930654","display_name":"Radar detection","level":3,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.4133000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51196962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16966352","display_name":"Stationary target indication","level":5,"score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185565061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878284","display_name":"Radar lock-on","level":5,"score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173028925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7831461","display_name":"Track-before-detect","level":4,"score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84236424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1028695","display_name":"Fire-control radar","level":5,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987759513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar signal processing","level":4,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984296375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar systems","level":3,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190203512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7572182","display_name":"Space-time adaptive processing","level":5,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114445506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196868","display_name":"Secondary surveillance radar","level":3,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81076408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229387","display_name":"3D radar","level":5,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71052889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16905219","display_name":"Early-warning radar","level":5,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988922011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5449244","display_name":"Filtering theory","level":2,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101457746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560430","display_name":"Radar cross-section","level":3,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137209882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403517","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161475128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6746448","display_name":"Man-portable radar","level":5,"score":0.25609999895095825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2026.3701697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3701697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4492744505405426,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7529726260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471165","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8568475463","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62073108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536252645","https://openalex.org/W1836752116","https://openalex.org/W1975013860","https://openalex.org/W1999575292","https://openalex.org/W2005144586","https://openalex.org/W2034663708","https://openalex.org/W2051301438","https://openalex.org/W2054030480","https://openalex.org/W2104130465","https://openalex.org/W2115543721","https://openalex.org/W2130054489","https://openalex.org/W2149074579","https://openalex.org/W2162488823","https://openalex.org/W2512867427","https://openalex.org/W2537394973","https://openalex.org/W2588562526","https://openalex.org/W2769907991","https://openalex.org/W2791448010","https://openalex.org/W2974492056","https://openalex.org/W3007664534","https://openalex.org/W3039716304","https://openalex.org/W3114888285","https://openalex.org/W3152105627","https://openalex.org/W4210945599","https://openalex.org/W4230674470","https://openalex.org/W4285249146","https://openalex.org/W4312278918","https://openalex.org/W4328007179","https://openalex.org/W4365421086","https://openalex.org/W4366147760","https://openalex.org/W4377235203","https://openalex.org/W4389747815","https://openalex.org/W7131312881"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,121],"realistic":[1],"radar":[2,78],"tracking":[3],"scenarios,":[4],"the":[5,20,25,34,41,46,87,93,138,144,155,160,197,208,212,218],"target":[6,72,145],"measurement":[7,14,73,115,128],"uncertainty":[8,117],"(TMU)\u2014encompassing":[9],"both":[10,114,124],"detection":[11,125],"probability":[12,126],"and":[13,83,118,127],"error":[15,49,74,94,129],"covariance\u2014is":[16],"strongly":[17],"influenced":[18],"by":[19,167,211],"target-to-radar":[21],"(T2R)":[22],"geometry.":[23],"However,":[24],"existing":[26,148,189],"posterior":[27],"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao":[28],"lower":[29,185],"bounds":[30,190],"(PCRLBs)":[31],"largely":[32],"overlook":[33],"fundamental":[35],"impact":[36,88],"of":[37,51,71,89,158,199,220],"T2R":[38,90,200],"geometry":[39,91,201],"on":[40,45,92,202],"TMU":[42,102,221],"and,":[43],"consequently,":[44],"mean":[47],"square":[48],"(MSE)":[50],"state":[52],"estimation,":[53],"often":[54],"leading":[55],"to":[56,143,188],"overly":[57],"conservative":[58,183],"bounds.":[59],"To":[60],"bridge":[61],"this":[62,64,101,122],"gap,":[63],"paper":[65],"first":[66],"develops":[67],"a":[68,107,180],"generalized":[69],"model":[70],"covariance":[75,95,130],"for":[76],"bistatic":[77],"systems":[79],"with":[80,141],"moving":[81],"transmitters":[82],"receivers,":[84],"in":[85],"which":[86],"is":[96],"explicitly":[97],"characterized.":[98],"Based":[99],"upon":[100],"formulation,":[103],"we":[104],"subsequently":[105],"derive":[106],"geometry-dependent":[108,119,156,174],"PCRLB":[109],"(GD-PCRLB)":[110],"that":[111,150,191,207],"fully":[112,195],"incorporates":[113],"origin":[116],"TMU.":[120,175,203],"derivation,":[123],"are":[131],"treated":[132],"as":[133,217],"state-dependent":[134],"parameters":[135],"when":[136],"differentiating":[137],"log-likelihood":[139],"function":[140],"respect":[142],"state.":[146],"Unlike":[147],"PCRLBs":[149],"partially":[151,193],"or":[152,194],"completely":[153],"ignore":[154],"nature":[157],"TMU,":[159],"proposed":[161],"GD-PCRLB":[162,178,213],"captures":[163],"substantial":[164],"performance":[165],"benefits":[166],"extracting":[168],"additional":[169],"Fisher":[170],"information":[171],"arising":[172],"from":[173],"The":[176],"resulted":[177],"provides":[179],"significantly":[181],"less":[182],"MSE":[184],"bound":[186],"compared":[187],"only":[192],"neglect":[196],"influence":[198],"Numerical":[204],"results":[205],"demonstrate":[206],"improvement":[209],"offered":[210],"becomes":[214],"more":[215],"pronounced":[216],"level":[219],"increases.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T05:46:48.188703","created_date":"2026-06-10T00:00:00"}
