{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155391263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3686797","title":"Toward Wide-Area LEO Backbones: Distributed End-to-End Routing for Mega-Constellations","display_name":"Toward Wide-Area LEO Backbones: Distributed End-to-End Routing for Mega-Constellations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155391263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3686797"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2026.3686797","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3686797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060591228","display_name":"S K Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soohyeong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0121-3588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134367281","display_name":"Donghyun Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2964-7644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126316575","display_name":"Seogwon Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seogwon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9571-3870","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078767839","display_name":"Jiseung Youn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-1855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiseung Youn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-1855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119291459","display_name":"Dabeen Yun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dabeen Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134396778","display_name":"Sunghyun Cho","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunghyun Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1847-6088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75267193,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"10152","last_page":"10169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.7642999887466431,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.7642999887466431,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12450","display_name":"Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology","score":0.037300001829862595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.030700000002980232,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-routing","display_name":"Network routing","score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-technology","display_name":"Space technology","score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-network","display_name":"Intelligent Network","score":0.2705000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6665999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5848000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983435990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22725","display_name":"Network routing","level":3,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77304879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211485","display_name":"Space technology","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51675839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665681","display_name":"Intelligent Network","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113508815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193446","display_name":"Packet switching","level":3,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020028006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9158","display_name":"Electronic mail","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2026.3686797","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3686797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2990755815","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2024-00335012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G529270686","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-0-00847","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322093","funder_display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5583417156","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2024-00359235","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322093","funder_display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322093","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"Earth":[1],"orbit":[2],"(LEO)":[3],"mega-constellations":[4],"are":[5,153],"emerging":[6,145],"as":[7,200],"a":[8,81,128,201],"wide-area":[9,205],"backbone":[10,207],"that":[11,60,152,165],"relays":[12],"traffic":[13,142],"between":[14],"ground":[15],"gateways":[16],"(GWs).":[17],"Routing":[18],"in":[19],"satellite-ground":[20],"integrated":[21],"networks":[22],"(SGINs)":[23],"is":[24],"challenging":[25],"because":[26],"time-varying":[27],"topology,":[28],"uneven":[29],"traffic,":[30],"and":[31,34,49,115,124,136,178,193],"intermittent":[32],"link":[33],"node":[35],"failures":[36],"can":[37,66],"change":[38],"feasible":[39,62,158],"routes":[40,151],"during":[41],"packet":[42,169],"traversal,":[43],"inducing":[44],"routing\u2013topology":[45],"mismatch.":[46],"Unpredictable":[47],"queueing":[48],"long":[50],"propagation":[51],"delays":[52],"widen":[53],"the":[54,96,168],"decision-to-transmission":[55],"gap,":[56],"so":[57],"forwarding":[58,118],"actions":[59,119],"appear":[61],"at":[63,69,76,159],"decision":[64],"time":[65],"become":[67],"unavailable":[68],"transmission":[70,160],"time.":[71,161],"To":[72],"mitigate":[73],"this":[74],"mismatch":[75],"its":[77],"source,":[78],"we":[79],"propose":[80],"distributed":[82,129],"Lyapunov":[83],"drift-plus-penalty":[84],"(DPP)-based":[85],"end":[86],"to-end":[87],"(E2E)":[88],"routing":[89,104],"scheme,":[90],"DPP-E2E.":[91],"The":[92],"proposed":[93],"method":[94],"reformulates":[95],"robust":[97,190],"E2E":[98],"delivery":[99,138,191],"objective":[100],"into":[101],"an":[102],"online":[103],"problem,":[105],"filters":[106],"candidate":[107],"next":[108],"hops":[109],"according":[110],"to":[111,156,174,183],"predicted":[112],"transmission-start-time":[113],"feasibility,":[114],"then":[116],"selects":[117],"by":[120,172,181],"balancing":[121],"queue":[122],"relief":[123],"destination":[125,137],"progress":[126],"through":[127],"DPP-based":[130],"rule.":[131],"Combined":[132],"with":[133],"gateway":[134],"injection":[135],"procedures,":[139],"DPP-E2E":[140,166,199],"steers":[141],"away":[143],"from":[144],"bottlenecks":[146],"while":[147,188],"keeping":[148],"packets":[149],"on":[150],"more":[154],"likely":[155],"remain":[157],"Simulation":[162],"results":[163],"show":[164],"reduces":[167],"drop":[170],"rate":[171],"up":[173,182],"16.4":[175],"percentage":[176],"points":[177],"improves":[179],"throughput":[180,194],"20.4%":[184],"over":[185],"benchmark":[186],"methods,":[187],"maintaining":[189],"ratio":[192],"under":[195],"node-failure":[196],"stress,":[197],"highlighting":[198],"key":[202],"enabler":[203],"for":[204],"LEO":[206],"routing.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-26T06:15:08.310788","created_date":"2026-04-24T00:00:00"}
