{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154311246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3683665","title":"MF-DETR: A Feature Fusion Network for SAR Ship Detection Based on Electromagnetic Scattering Features and Deep Features","display_name":"MF-DETR: A Feature Fusion Network for SAR Ship Detection Based on Electromagnetic Scattering Features and Deep Features","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154311246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3683665"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2026.3683665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3683665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133613767","display_name":"Wenqiang Hua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqiang Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-6194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102754531","display_name":"Ruizhe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2455-9074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruizhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4169-6785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133563476","display_name":"Chen Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8101-5738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001033930","display_name":"Yizhuo Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1492-9772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yizhuo Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1492-9772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061913887","display_name":"Zhe Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-2749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-2749","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133602936","display_name":"Hu Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119806805","display_name":"Nagaoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rcadd38","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119806805"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85922643","display_name":"Nagaoka University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ys1hz88","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85922643"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-5939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119806805","https://openalex.org/I85922643"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0658,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97441922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"9924","last_page":"9939"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.5440000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.5440000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.2485000044107437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.03370000049471855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4717999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","score":0.3714999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5615000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5472999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4717999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4625999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109094680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060432","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","level":4,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101457746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560430","display_name":"Radar cross-section","level":3,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989048297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930654","display_name":"Radar detection","level":3,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71052889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16905219","display_name":"Early-warning radar","level":5,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36067731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7572176","display_name":"Space-based radar","level":5,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62282787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831483","display_name":"Side looking airborne radar","level":5,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131493965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279983","display_name":"Radar horizon","level":5,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139931591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029151","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","level":4,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81076408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229387","display_name":"3D radar","level":5,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162416716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446180","display_name":"Moving target indication","level":5,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185565061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878284","display_name":"Radar lock-on","level":5,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2026.3683665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3683665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2202463540","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JCYBMS492","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7557313929","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025JC-YBMS-759","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1973066300","https://openalex.org/W2089588733","https://openalex.org/W2127611757","https://openalex.org/W2144158572","https://openalex.org/W2158347164","https://openalex.org/W2158672843","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2442495293","https://openalex.org/W2562706821","https://openalex.org/W2563447187","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2774244034","https://openalex.org/W2928007866","https://openalex.org/W2934198733","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W3038113894","https://openalex.org/W3038948729","https://openalex.org/W3041525128","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3118944910","https://openalex.org/W3167109618","https://openalex.org/W3213677878","https://openalex.org/W4213156196","https://openalex.org/W4224111766","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4285190288","https://openalex.org/W4285288059","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4293731522","https://openalex.org/W4313886592","https://openalex.org/W4315489500","https://openalex.org/W4316660607","https://openalex.org/W4324116447","https://openalex.org/W4366147537","https://openalex.org/W4379780991","https://openalex.org/W4384080810","https://openalex.org/W4385153796","https://openalex.org/W4386473010","https://openalex.org/W4389961014","https://openalex.org/W4391092744","https://openalex.org/W4392644789","https://openalex.org/W4399939114","https://openalex.org/W4400188626","https://openalex.org/W4400447405","https://openalex.org/W4401109585","https://openalex.org/W4401991137","https://openalex.org/W4402217956","https://openalex.org/W4402978281","https://openalex.org/W4404527713","https://openalex.org/W4405361174","https://openalex.org/W4406259026","https://openalex.org/W4406858077","https://openalex.org/W4408358412","https://openalex.org/W4408399440","https://openalex.org/W4409426948"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"neural":[1],"network":[2,29,83,115,128,153],"(CNN)-based":[3],"methods":[4],"have":[5],"been":[6],"widely":[7],"employed":[8],"in":[9,16,55,63,159],"recent":[10],"years":[11],"for":[12,69,85,129],"ship":[13,71,87,180],"target":[14],"detection":[15,43,88,181,202],"synthetic":[17],"aperture":[18],"radar":[19],"(SAR)":[20],"images.":[21],"However,":[22],"most":[23],"existing":[24],"studies":[25],"adopt":[26],"optical":[27],"image-oriented":[28],"architectures":[30],"without":[31],"fully":[32],"considering":[33],"the":[34,48,59,163,178,192],"inherent":[35],"characteristics":[36,94],"of":[37,50],"SAR":[38,70,86,179,186],"targets,":[39],"leading":[40],"to":[41,155],"limited":[42],"accuracy":[44],"and":[45,58,123,184,199],"stability.":[46],"Furthermore,":[47],"coexistence":[49],"complex":[51,205],"background":[52,157],"clutter":[53],"interference":[54,158],"inshore":[56],"scenarios":[57,65],"foreground-background":[60],"class":[61,164],"imbalance":[62,165],"offshore":[64],"poses":[66],"significant":[67],"challenges":[68],"detection.":[72],"To":[73],"address":[74],"these":[75,141],"issues,":[76],"we":[77],"propose":[78],"a":[79,103,109,125,149],"multifeature":[80],"fusion":[81,136],"DETR":[82],"(MF-DETR)":[84],"that":[89,191],"synergistically":[90],"integrates":[91],"electromagnetic":[92,111],"scattering":[93,112,120],"with":[95],"deep":[96,126],"learning":[97],"frameworks.":[98],"The":[99],"proposed":[100],"method":[101],"utilizes":[102],"dual-backbone":[104],"architecture":[105],"consisting":[106],"of:":[107],"(1)":[108],"multi-scale":[110],"feature":[113,131,135,151],"extraction":[114],"(MEFE-Net)":[116],"based":[117],"on":[118,177],"attribute":[119],"center":[121],"modeling,":[122],"(2)":[124],"convolutional":[127],"hierarchical":[130],"learning.":[132],"An":[133],"adaptive":[134],"module":[137],"(AFFM)":[138],"dynamically":[139],"combines":[140],"complementary":[142],"features,":[143],"which":[144],"are":[145],"subsequently":[146],"processed":[147],"by":[148,169],"dual-scenario":[150],"augmentation":[152],"(DeFAN)":[154],"suppress":[156],"coastal":[160],"areas,":[161],"while":[162],"issue":[166],"is":[167,194],"alleviated":[168],"increasing":[170],"positive":[171],"samples":[172],"during":[173],"training.":[174],"Experimental":[175],"results":[176,203],"dataset":[182,188],"(SSDD)":[183],"high-resolution":[185],"images":[187],"(HRSID)":[189],"demonstrate":[190],"MF-DETR":[193],"effective,":[195],"achieving":[196],"superior":[197],"performance":[198],"more":[200],"accurate":[201],"under":[204],"conditions.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-04-15T00:00:00"}