{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131078172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3667119","title":"Track-Before-Estimate for Low-Elevation Targets in the Presence of Multipath","display_name":"Track-Before-Estimate for Low-Elevation Targets in the Presence of Multipath","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131078172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3667119"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2026.3667119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3667119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126589724","display_name":"Hao F. Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126591902","display_name":"Keyi Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0930-2027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048574514","display_name":"Yuguan Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4217-0441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuguan Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4217-0441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126609419","display_name":"Gongjian Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gongjian Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1530-9321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2107999,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"6653","last_page":"6670"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.310699999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.310699999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.04170000180602074,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.02969999983906746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monopulse-radar","display_name":"Monopulse radar","score":0.8615000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.6068999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specular-reflection","display_name":"Specular reflection","score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection-coefficient","display_name":"Reflection coefficient","score":0.5008999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartesian-coordinate-system","display_name":"Cartesian coordinate system","score":0.4602000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.39500001072883606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186770734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622911","display_name":"Monopulse radar","level":5,"score":0.8615000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.6068999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118381688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079524","display_name":"Specular reflection","level":2,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41700454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1852282","display_name":"Reflection coefficient","level":2,"score":0.5008999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16038011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62912","display_name":"Cartesian coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.4602000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4318999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137209882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403517","display_name":"Measurement uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50151734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1759577","display_name":"Matched filter","level":3,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82166422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4748509","display_name":"Amplitude-Comparison Monopulse","level":5,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777798563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7603916","display_name":"State vector","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131493965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279983","display_name":"Radar horizon","level":5,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781147146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569795","display_name":"Sea state","level":2,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778999744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208292","display_name":"Point target","level":3,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2026.3667119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3667119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5207564830780029},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5144795179367065}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6035986145","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371155","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,187,248],"presence":[1,298],"of":[2,33,183,281,291,299],"multipath":[3,34,59,70],"effect":[4,32],"leads":[5],"to":[6,29,50,89,106,117,137,193,221,243,253,267,275],"significant":[7],"errors":[8,60],"in":[9,14,17,85,296],"elevation":[10,80],"angle":[11,81],"measurements,":[12],"resulting":[13],"performance":[15,303],"degradation":[16],"subsequent":[18],"tracking.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21],"paper,":[22],"a":[23,226],"track-before":[24],"estimate":[25,182],"method":[26,250],"is":[27,47,75,103,148,191,230,251,304],"proposed":[28,231,283],"eliminate":[30],"the":[31,44,51,56,72,79,83,86,95,107,111,114,119,122,130,133,140,143,152,161,166,173,184,198,210,234,257,268,277,282,288,292,297],"on":[35,55,233],"low-elevation":[36],"target":[37,112,126],"tracking":[38,87],"under":[39],"specular":[40,96],"reflection":[41,97,115,185,201],"conditions":[42],"when":[43],"sea":[45,199],"surface":[46,200],"smooth":[48],"relative":[49],"radar":[52],"wavelength.":[53],"Based":[54],"understanding":[57],"that":[58,142,214],"are":[61,273],"not":[62],"random":[63],"noise":[64],"but":[65],"definitive":[66],"measurements":[67],"arising":[68],"from":[69,132,203,261,287],"propagation,":[71],"monopulse":[73,123,204,216,293],"ratio":[74,124,205,217,294],"employed":[76,192],"rather":[77],"than":[78],"as":[82],"measurement":[84,101,218,295],"process":[88],"provide":[90],"Cartesian":[91,195],"state":[92,162,174],"estimates.":[93],"Under":[94,139],"assumption,":[98],"an":[99,181],"accurate":[100],"equation":[102],"established":[104],"according":[105,266],"geometric":[108],"relationship":[109,120],"between":[110,121],"and":[113,125,150,176,197,279],"point":[116],"describe":[118],"height.":[127],"This":[128],"enables":[129],"transformation":[131],"traditional":[134],"track-after-estimate":[135],"strategy":[136,229],"track-before-estimate.":[138],"circumstances":[141],"re":[144],"f":[145],"lection":[146],"coefficient":[147,153,202],"unknown":[149],"time-varying,":[151],"can":[154,169],"be":[155,170],"estimated":[156,177],"by":[157],"incorporating":[158],"it":[159],"into":[160,172],"vector,":[163],"or":[164],"alternatively,":[165],"wave":[167],"height":[168,224,246,259,263],"incorporated":[171],"vector":[175],"instead,":[178],"indirectly":[179],"providing":[180],"coefficient.":[186],"unscented":[188],"Kalman":[189],"filter":[190,211],"extract":[194],"states":[196],"measurements.":[206],"To":[207],"deal":[208],"with":[209],"initialization":[212],"issue":[213],"one":[215,244],"may":[219],"correspond":[220],"multiple":[222,227,236,262],"initial":[223],"estimates,":[225],"subfilter":[228,241],"based":[232],"static":[235],"model":[237],"framework,":[238],"where":[239],"each":[240],"corresponds":[242],"possible":[245,258],"estimate.":[247],"bisection":[249],"adopted":[252],"find":[254],"out":[255],"all":[256],"estimates":[260],"intervals":[264],"divided":[265],"transmitted":[269],"frequency.":[270],"Numerical":[271],"simulations":[272],"conducted":[274],"evaluate":[276],"effectiveness":[278],"stability":[280],"track-before-estimate":[284],"method.":[285],"Benefiting":[286],"effective":[289],"utilization":[290],"multipath,":[300],"superior":[301],"estimation":[302],"achieved.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2026-02-24T00:00:00"}