{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123344202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3652971","title":"A Service-Oriented Multipath Routing Scheme Based on GNN and RL for Multilayer Satellite Networks","display_name":"A Service-Oriented Multipath Routing Scheme Based on GNN and RL for Multilayer Satellite Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123344202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3652971"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2026.3652971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3652971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100561076","display_name":"Xiaojing Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojing Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tao Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1677-6466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122894096","display_name":"Huachun Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huachun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082006478","display_name":"Weilin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3333-7043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weilin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122894528","display_name":"Jingfu Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingfu Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122897267","display_name":"Aoran Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aoran Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100561076"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06373378,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"4393","last_page":"4410"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.8776000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.8776000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.0430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.02459999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-routing","display_name":"Multipath routing","score":0.6531999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5108000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5041000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equal-cost-multi-path-routing","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-domain","display_name":"Routing domain","score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.3659000098705292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7663000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.6531999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5108000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5041000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4991999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.39910000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115443555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5367790","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","level":5,"score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94600068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371621","display_name":"Routing domain","level":5,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196423136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209671","display_name":"Policy-based routing","level":5,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16160715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640676","display_name":"Traffic engineering","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50558702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067","display_name":"Geographic routing","level":5,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54108766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391064","display_name":"Packet loss","level":3,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203274722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001161","display_name":"Network performance","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177818476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12878103","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","level":5,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114563136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19725982","display_name":"Network planning and design","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2026.3652971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2026.3652971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4009030759334564,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3486625429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62341102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4802255525","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YJS003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8815530061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2569201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,163],"research":[1],"focus":[2],"in":[3,17,205],"satellite":[4,19,50],"networks":[5,20,77],"is":[6,101],"gradually":[7],"shifting":[8],"from":[9],"single-layer":[10],"communication":[11],"to":[12,48,84,130,192],"exploring":[13],"core":[14],"network":[15,86,208],"services":[16],"multilayer":[18],"(MLSNs),":[21],"focusing":[22],"on":[23,74,126,167],"solving":[24],"the":[25,54,90,113,139,168,172,177,196,199],"synergy":[26],"and":[27,39,67,79,109,217],"optimization":[28,98],"problems":[29],"of":[30,56,180,183,190,207],"diversified":[31],"functions":[32],"such":[33],"as":[34,95],"computation,":[35],"communication,":[36],"caching,":[37],"awareness,":[38],"security.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,116,142],"map":[45],"service":[46,91,120],"requests":[47,184],"multivariate":[49],"functional":[51],"nodes,":[52],"construct":[53],"set":[55],"Medium":[57],"Earth":[58],"Orbit":[59],"(MEO)":[60],"satellites":[61,129],"that":[62,152,171],"must":[63],"be":[64],"passed":[65],"through,":[66],"propose":[68],"a":[69,96,118,144,186],"multipath":[70,93],"routing":[71,94,178],"scheme":[72],"based":[73,125,166],"graph":[75],"neural":[76],"(GNNs)":[78],"reinforcement":[80,146],"learning":[81,147],"(RL),":[82],"aiming":[83],"improve":[85],"utilization.":[87],"We":[88],"model":[89],"demand-oriented":[92],"stochastic":[97],"problem,":[99],"which":[100],"decomposed":[102],"into":[103],"two":[104],"subproblems:":[105],"cross-layer":[106,119],"path":[107,121,159,212],"planning":[108,122],"traffic":[110,148,155],"splitting.":[111],"For":[112,138],"first":[114],"subproblem,":[115,141],"design":[117,143],"(CLSP)":[123],"algorithm":[124,151,174,201],"domain":[127],"head":[128],"compute":[131],"all":[132],"reachable":[133],"paths":[134],"between":[135],"node":[136],"pairs.":[137],"second":[140],"GNN-based":[145],"engineering":[149],"(GRL-TE)":[150],"dynamically":[153],"allocates":[154],"ratios":[156],"by":[157],"evaluating":[158],"quality":[160],"using":[161],"GNNs.":[162],"experimental":[164],"results":[165],"MLSN":[169],"show":[170],"CLSP":[173],"can":[175],"realize":[176],"computation":[179],"various":[181],"types":[182],"with":[185,195],"request":[187],"success":[188],"rate":[189],"up":[191],"60%.":[193],"Compared":[194],"baseline":[197],"algorithm,":[198],"GRL-TE":[200],"has":[202],"superior":[203],"performance":[204],"terms":[206],"utilization,":[209],"average":[210],"throughput,":[211],"delay,":[213],"packet":[214],"loss":[215],"rate,":[216],"Jain":[218],"fairness":[219],"index.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}