{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415707008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3627180","title":"Timing Properties of the Starlink Ku-Band Downlink","display_name":"Timing Properties of the Starlink Ku-Band Downlink","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415707008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3627180"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3627180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3627180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109286587","display_name":"Wenkai Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenkai Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5269-3776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031795100","display_name":"Andrew Graff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4369-7552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew M. Graff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4369-7552","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078134357","display_name":"Zachary L. Clements","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zachary L. Clements","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0091-637X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015719263","display_name":"Zacharias M. Komodromos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zacharias M. Komodromos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026955319","display_name":"Todd E. Humphreys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0749-6988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd E. Humphreys","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0749-6988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109286587"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5755,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97632213,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"727","last_page":"744"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.8374000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.8374000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.08919999748468399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.041999999433755875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.8489000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.717199981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-timing-analysis","display_name":"Static timing analysis","score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-frame","display_name":"Reference frame","score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.3319000005722046}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.8489000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.717199981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6176000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4456999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93682380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025226","display_name":"Static timing analysis","level":2,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172849965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3148875","display_name":"Reference frame","level":3,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39394851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q921594","display_name":"Inter frame","level":4,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204641915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315509","display_name":"Residual frame","level":4,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15627037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541961","display_name":"Classification of discontinuities","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3627180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3627180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7848206821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"69A3552348327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535176033","https://openalex.org/W1917116705","https://openalex.org/W1984123740","https://openalex.org/W2101052591","https://openalex.org/W2137650458","https://openalex.org/W2208177525","https://openalex.org/W2626590803","https://openalex.org/W3034813944","https://openalex.org/W3087952645","https://openalex.org/W3168034038","https://openalex.org/W3190250322","https://openalex.org/W3198988582","https://openalex.org/W3205089906","https://openalex.org/W4210948576","https://openalex.org/W4213224792","https://openalex.org/W4235326703","https://openalex.org/W4241202042","https://openalex.org/W4244337153","https://openalex.org/W4254197176","https://openalex.org/W4285412492","https://openalex.org/W4293057905","https://openalex.org/W4306922345","https://openalex.org/W4313268856","https://openalex.org/W4327970393","https://openalex.org/W4366957376","https://openalex.org/W4380052621","https://openalex.org/W4383751684","https://openalex.org/W4387400685","https://openalex.org/W4387400812","https://openalex.org/W4387449425","https://openalex.org/W4390691205","https://openalex.org/W4391179680","https://openalex.org/W4391824398","https://openalex.org/W4392406167","https://openalex.org/W4396697578","https://openalex.org/W4396758450","https://openalex.org/W4396876046","https://openalex.org/W4399154496","https://openalex.org/W4399214162","https://openalex.org/W4399619637","https://openalex.org/W4399796013","https://openalex.org/W4401247262","https://openalex.org/W4406894476","https://openalex.org/W4407253897","https://openalex.org/W4411232293"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"develop":[1],"signal":[2],"capture":[3],"and":[4,10,44,134,152,168],"analysis":[5,68],"techniques":[6],"for":[7,80],"precisely":[8],"extracting":[9],"characterizing":[11],"the":[12,16,83,107,162,181],"frame":[13,32,54,91,141,164,177,185,190],"timing":[14,33,45,55,71,142,191],"of":[15,24,87,106,150,175,237],"Starlink":[17,31,101,136,189],"constellation's":[18],"Ku-band":[19],"downlink":[20],"transmissions.":[21],"The":[22,132],"aim":[23],"this":[25],"work":[26],"is":[27,50,56,103,192],"to":[28,38,51,58,112,194,200,233],"determine":[29,52],"whether":[30,53],"has":[34],"sufficient":[35],"short-term":[36],"stability":[37,110],"support":[39,113],"pseudorange-based":[40],"opportunistic":[41],"positioning,":[42],"navigation,":[43],"(PNT).":[46],"A":[47],"second":[48],"goal":[49],"disciplined":[57,193],"a":[59,202,235],"common":[60],"time":[61],"scale":[62],"such":[63],"as":[64,148],"GPS":[65,195],"time.":[66],"Our":[67],"reveals":[69],"several":[70,119],"characteristics":[72,121,221],"not":[73,124,241],"previously":[74],"known":[75],"that":[76,99,214],"carry":[77],"strong":[78],"implications":[79],"PNT.":[81,115,227],"On":[82],"favorable":[84],"side,":[85],"periods":[86,174],"ns-level":[88],"jitter":[89,178,184],"in":[90,161],"arrival":[92,186],"times":[93],"across":[94],"all":[95],"satellite":[96],"versions":[97],"indicate":[98],"some":[100],"hardware":[102,242],"fundamentally":[104],"capable":[105],"short":[108],"term":[109],"required":[111],"GPS-like":[114,128],"But":[116],"there":[117],"are":[118,158,222],"unfavorable":[120,220],"that,":[122],"if":[123],"addressed,":[125],"will":[126],"make":[127],"PNT":[129],"impractical:":[130],"(1)":[131],"v1.0":[133],"v1.5":[135],"satellites":[137],"exhibit":[138],"once-per-second":[139],"abrupt":[140],"adjustments":[143,206],"whose":[144],"magnitude":[145],"(as":[146],"large":[147],"100s":[149],"ns)":[151],"sign":[153],"appear":[154],"unpredictable.":[155],"Similar":[156],"discontinuities":[157],"also":[159],"present":[160],"v2.0-Mini":[163],"timing,":[165],"though":[166],"smaller":[167],"irregularly":[169],"spaced.":[170],"(2)":[171],"Episodic":[172],"15-s":[173],"high":[176],"routinely":[179],"punctuate":[180],"nominal":[182],"low":[183],"timing.":[187],"(3)":[188],"time,":[196],"but":[197],"only":[198],"loosely:":[199],"within":[201],"few":[203],"ms":[204],"by":[205],"occurring":[207],"every":[208],"15":[209],"s;":[210],"otherwise":[211],"exhibiting":[212],"drift":[213],"can":[215],"exceed":[216],"20":[217],"ppm.":[218],"These":[219],"essentially":[223],"incompatible":[224],"with":[225,249],"accurate":[226],"Fortunately,":[228],"they":[229,245],"appear\u2014in":[230],"significant":[231],"part\u2014":[232],"be":[234,247],"consequence":[236],"software":[238],"design":[239],"choices,":[240],"limitations.":[243],"Moreover,":[244],"could":[246],"compensated":[248],"third-party":[250],"provided":[251],"corrections.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-30T00:00:00"}