{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415125334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3620278","title":"Array Synthesis With Low Sidelobe Level Using Two-Way Array Factor: A Mixed-Integer Programming Approach","display_name":"Array Synthesis With Low Sidelobe Level Using Two-Way Array Factor: A Mixed-Integer Programming Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415125334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3620278"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3620278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3620278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042877932","display_name":"Lingrui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7929-4011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingrui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7929-4011","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100461952","display_name":"Xuejing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-4442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuejing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-4442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101339754","display_name":"Zheng Yuanyuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6044-9442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086321095","display_name":"Zishu He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4491-8414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zishu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4491-8414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32798206,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"368","last_page":"379"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10494","display_name":"Plant Virus Research Studies","score":0.9599999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","score":0.4814000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.47380000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-array","display_name":"Sensor array","score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/array-processing","display_name":"Array processing","score":0.34950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729138","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4814000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.47380000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.46230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66251956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451086","display_name":"Sensor array","level":2,"score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778545087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4795883","display_name":"Array processing","level":4,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.3237000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146064661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186152","display_name":"Array data structure","level":2,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148764684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621751","display_name":"Approximation algorithm","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55494473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727898","display_name":"Phased array","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55660270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164377","display_name":"Constrained optimization","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3620278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3620278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8346044545","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050986060","https://openalex.org/W2052827627","https://openalex.org/W2067750084","https://openalex.org/W2096865023","https://openalex.org/W2097063941","https://openalex.org/W2099855707","https://openalex.org/W2109039227","https://openalex.org/W2119718570","https://openalex.org/W2135265416","https://openalex.org/W2143821375","https://openalex.org/W2147335481","https://openalex.org/W2153441899","https://openalex.org/W2159472899","https://openalex.org/W2166116309","https://openalex.org/W2781708704","https://openalex.org/W2782731938","https://openalex.org/W2807956452","https://openalex.org/W2808488954","https://openalex.org/W2905226106","https://openalex.org/W2921720350","https://openalex.org/W2944819627","https://openalex.org/W2970888537","https://openalex.org/W2977469665","https://openalex.org/W3007029807","https://openalex.org/W3013261069","https://openalex.org/W3083558087","https://openalex.org/W3121053874","https://openalex.org/W3199774633","https://openalex.org/W3202839954","https://openalex.org/W4312926525","https://openalex.org/W4315750389","https://openalex.org/W4390938665","https://openalex.org/W4392931086","https://openalex.org/W4400447418"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,36],"consider":[4],"the":[5,21,24,32,40,47,54,96,107,112,119,126,145,148,158,163],"array":[6,14,69,91,150],"synthesis":[7,70],"with":[8,72,103],"low":[9],"sidelobe":[10,44,73],"level":[11],"using":[12],"two-way":[13,68,113,149],"factor":[15],"(AF),":[16],"which":[17,75,86],"is":[18],"defined":[19],"as":[20,123],"product":[22],"of":[23,56,111,128,147,162],"factors":[25],"in":[26,166],"transmit":[27,90],"and":[28,38,46,121,160],"receive":[29],"AFs.":[30],"Utilizing":[31],"integer":[33],"modeling":[34],"techniques,":[35],"reformulate":[37],"simplify":[39],"non-convex":[41],"constraint":[42],"on":[43,88],"level,":[45],"coupled":[48],"variables":[49],"are":[50,154],"linearized":[51],"according":[52],"to":[53,62,83,118,140,144,156],"characteristics":[55],"binary":[57],"vectors.":[58],"This":[59],"allows":[60],"us":[61],"derive":[63],"a":[64],"mixed-integer":[65],"programming":[66],"(MIP)":[67],"formulation":[71],"suppression,":[74],"can":[76,115,137],"be":[77,116,138],"solved":[78],"by":[79],"MIP":[80],"solvers.":[81],"Compared":[82],"existing":[84],"algorithms":[85],"rely":[87],"uniform":[89,104],"or":[92],"complex":[93],"excitation":[94],"distribution,":[95],"proposed":[97,164],"algorithm":[98,136,165],"yields":[99],"more":[100,141],"flexible":[101],"arrays":[102],"excitation.":[105],"Moreover,":[106],"mainlobe":[108],"width":[109],"(MLW)":[110],"AF":[114],"added":[117],"constraints":[120],"adjusted":[122],"desired":[124],"at":[125],"cost":[127],"an":[129],"acceptable":[130],"longer":[131],"running":[132],"time.":[133],"Additionally,":[134],"our":[135],"extended":[139],"scenarios":[142],"due":[143],"flexibility":[146],"structure.":[151],"Representative":[152],"simulations":[153],"provided":[155],"demonstrate":[157],"effectiveness":[159],"superiority":[161],"various":[167],"scenarios.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00"}