{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415003136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3619014","title":"Joint Frequency- and PRF-Agile Waveform Design for Moving Target Detection With Efficient Coherent Accumulation","display_name":"Joint Frequency- and PRF-Agile Waveform Design for Moving Target Detection With Efficient Coherent Accumulation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415003136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3619014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3619014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3619014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102631923","display_name":"Endi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3859-2803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Endi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013109294","display_name":"Jiadong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2488-8705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiadong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044356445","display_name":"Yachao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6672-367X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yachao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406366","display_name":"Pan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7187-0403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090891403","display_name":"Jiabao Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4067-8938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiabao Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083465771","display_name":"Xiangyu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2293-3293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108095978","display_name":"Yitao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401200389","display_name":"Dalian Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/014c1mf08","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401200389"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yitao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operation Software and Simulation Institute, Dalian Naval Academy, Dalian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operation Software and Simulation Institute, Dalian Naval Academy, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401200389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102631923"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33942787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"41","last_page":"57"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.8572999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.8572999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.8460999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.8452000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.7786999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.5026000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-repetition-frequency","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.37040001153945923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.7786999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6122000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.5026000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182862853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575887","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","level":3,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102755159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7259683","display_name":"Pulse shaping","level":3,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108307224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629983","display_name":"Arbitrary waveform generator","level":4,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57733114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006032","display_name":"Discrete Fourier transform (general)","level":5,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14185376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30232","display_name":"Agile software development","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172321821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7259685","display_name":"Pulse wave","level":3,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3619014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3619014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5053791683","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171337","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5288225678","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301391","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G902245180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1850008407","https://openalex.org/W1967189882","https://openalex.org/W2012622138","https://openalex.org/W2060874172","https://openalex.org/W2068856334","https://openalex.org/W2073682504","https://openalex.org/W2101800734","https://openalex.org/W2114418710","https://openalex.org/W2132134263","https://openalex.org/W2145035134","https://openalex.org/W2152787057","https://openalex.org/W2320261946","https://openalex.org/W2345049101","https://openalex.org/W2573864534","https://openalex.org/W2887238049","https://openalex.org/W2894868007","https://openalex.org/W2965401518","https://openalex.org/W3000298641","https://openalex.org/W3004187904","https://openalex.org/W3015648642","https://openalex.org/W3050741283","https://openalex.org/W3121787644","https://openalex.org/W3196712155","https://openalex.org/W3207363831","https://openalex.org/W4211123182","https://openalex.org/W4285266296","https://openalex.org/W4300376264","https://openalex.org/W4312925849","https://openalex.org/W4312940983","https://openalex.org/W4319878038","https://openalex.org/W4323896964","https://openalex.org/W4365790494","https://openalex.org/W4391468505","https://openalex.org/W4392932829","https://openalex.org/W4396878056","https://openalex.org/W4399340911","https://openalex.org/W4402809527"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Frequency":[0],"and":[1,14,47,56,68,82,117,211],"pulse":[2,132],"repetition":[3],"frequency":[4,27,81],"(PRF)":[5],"agile":[6,26,32,84],"waveform":[7,86,101,161],"can":[8,181],"improve":[9],"the":[10,16,36,63,70,122,131,135,140,143,154,159,178,189,193,200,208],"radar's":[11],"anti-jamming":[12],"capability":[13],"decrease":[15],"probability":[17],"of":[18,124,142,188],"signal":[19,163],"interception":[20],"in":[21,134],"complex":[22],"electromagnetic":[23],"environments.":[24],"However,":[25],"introduces":[28],"jitter":[29,113,165],"initial":[30,114,156,166],"phases;":[31],"PRF":[33,83],"leads":[34],"to":[35,49,106,130,151,171,184,198],"slow-time":[37],"nonuniform":[38],"sampling;":[39],"these":[40,75],"two":[41],"problems":[42],"couple":[43],"with":[44,207],"each":[45],"other":[46],"lead":[48],"incoherent":[50],"echo":[51,162],"signals.":[52],"Moreover,":[53],"existing":[54,209],"parametric":[55],"scale":[57],"transform":[58,97],"coherent":[59,91,108,118,174,186],"processing":[60,71,92,109],"methods":[61],"reduce":[62,107],"signal-to-noise":[64],"ratio":[65],"(SNR)":[66],"gain":[67],"increase":[69],"complexity.":[72],"Aiming":[73],"at":[74],"problems,":[76],"we":[77],"propose":[78],"a":[79,173],"joint":[80],"(JFPA)":[85],"design":[87,102],"method":[88,103,147],"for":[89,148,153],"efficient":[90],"algorithm":[93,180],"by":[94,111],"fast":[95],"Fourier":[96],"(FFT).":[98],"A":[99],"JFPA":[100,136,160],"is":[104,127,169],"presented":[105],"complexity":[110],"combining":[112],"phase":[115,145,167],"compensation":[116,168,210],"accumulation.":[119],"In":[120],"particular,":[121],"number":[123],"different":[125],"frequencies":[126],"less":[128],"compared":[129,206],"numbers":[133],"waveform,":[137],"which":[138],"facilitates":[139],"implementation":[141],"proposed":[144,190],"cancellation":[146],"co-frequency":[149],"signals":[150],"compensate":[152],"jittery":[155],"phase.":[157],"Furthermore,":[158],"after":[164],"designed":[170],"be":[172,182],"signal,":[175],"so":[176],"that":[177],"FFT":[179],"employed":[183],"achieve":[185],"accumulation":[187,212],"waveform.":[191],"Finally,":[192],"simulated":[194],"data":[195],"are":[196],"used":[197],"verify":[199],"remarkable":[201],"moving":[202],"targets":[203],"detection":[204],"performance":[205],"methods.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}