{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7084574654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3617897","title":"Target Detection for Distributed Hybrid Active\u2013Passive Radars","display_name":"Target Detection for Distributed Hybrid Active\u2013Passive Radars","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7084574654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3617897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3617897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3617897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qiyu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0670-7300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0670-7300","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ye Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5845-0037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5845-0037","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hongbin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1453-847X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1453-847X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Maria Sabrina Greco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3804-2949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Sabrina Greco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3804-2949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fulvio Gini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5362-7320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fulvio Gini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5362-7320","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wei Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9878-7048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9878-7048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0501,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82759535,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"6","first_page":"19256","last_page":"19273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11791","display_name":"Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology","score":0.40310001373291016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11791","display_name":"Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology","score":0.40310001373291016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12832","display_name":"Biocrusts and Microbial Ecology","score":0.1858000010251999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11085","display_name":"Fungal Biology and Applications","score":0.03629999980330467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.7458999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-radar","display_name":"Passive radar","score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/likelihood-ratio-test","display_name":"Likelihood-ratio test","score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.37880000472068787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.7458999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6233000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151120012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2143008","display_name":"Passive radar","level":5,"score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9483764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585740","display_name":"Likelihood-ratio test","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.37880000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781234732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q943505","display_name":"Fusion center","level":4,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61270487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476843","display_name":"Interception","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147345108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693040","display_name":"Low probability of intercept radar","level":5,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3617897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3617897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1344230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1344230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4935114085674286,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653761051","https://openalex.org/W1519520322","https://openalex.org/W1903432761","https://openalex.org/W1966167072","https://openalex.org/W1984619808","https://openalex.org/W1994814156","https://openalex.org/W1997594983","https://openalex.org/W2014398556","https://openalex.org/W2032691773","https://openalex.org/W2037243761","https://openalex.org/W2050806768","https://openalex.org/W2063146925","https://openalex.org/W2064588595","https://openalex.org/W2065831797","https://openalex.org/W2069319338","https://openalex.org/W2072156755","https://openalex.org/W2094258259","https://openalex.org/W2135445066","https://openalex.org/W2152672782","https://openalex.org/W2157148515","https://openalex.org/W2246458879","https://openalex.org/W2587037445","https://openalex.org/W2599138972","https://openalex.org/W2606240127","https://openalex.org/W2622972617","https://openalex.org/W2752194737","https://openalex.org/W2768992005","https://openalex.org/W2801458252","https://openalex.org/W2804804045","https://openalex.org/W2883615713","https://openalex.org/W2889911215","https://openalex.org/W2903685252","https://openalex.org/W2923076735","https://openalex.org/W2970117111","https://openalex.org/W2999272775","https://openalex.org/W3083944087","https://openalex.org/W3137742410","https://openalex.org/W3177262287","https://openalex.org/W3196891543","https://openalex.org/W4206688484","https://openalex.org/W4285185171","https://openalex.org/W4285200715","https://openalex.org/W4285223851","https://openalex.org/W4285285780","https://openalex.org/W4296501310","https://openalex.org/W4319586779","https://openalex.org/W4381745422","https://openalex.org/W4390204422","https://openalex.org/W4391640457","https://openalex.org/W4393407097","https://openalex.org/W4397026572","https://openalex.org/W4400112366","https://openalex.org/W4401070148","https://openalex.org/W4403210109","https://openalex.org/W4403826602","https://openalex.org/W4404073142","https://openalex.org/W4404688676","https://openalex.org/W4406012054","https://openalex.org/W4406524443","https://openalex.org/W4406941970","https://openalex.org/W4408519573","https://openalex.org/W4409426947","https://openalex.org/W4409560842","https://openalex.org/W4412066315","https://openalex.org/W4413017843"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"active-passive":[1],"radars":[2,15,27],"(HAPRs)":[3],"integrate":[4],"the":[5,43,90,101,179],"sensing":[6,18],"advantages":[7],"of":[8,32,39,45,127],"both":[9],"active":[10,77,108,129,170],"and":[11,56,78,96,109,120,130,146,190,196],"passive":[12,26,79,110,131,173],"radars.":[13,80],"Active":[14],"offer":[16],"high":[17],"accuracy":[19],"due":[20],"to":[21,135],"known":[22],"transmitted":[23],"waveforms,":[24],"while":[25],"provide":[28],"improved":[29,144],"low":[30],"probability":[31],"interception":[33],"(LPI)":[34],"by":[35,72],"utilizing":[36],"non-cooperative":[37],"illuminators":[38],"opportunity":[40],"(IOs).":[41],"Although":[42],"potential":[44,102],"HAPRs":[46,61],"has":[47],"attracted":[48],"increasing":[49],"attention":[50],"in":[51,104,115],"recent":[52],"years,":[53],"testing":[54,70],"problems":[55],"corresponding":[57],"detectors":[58,86,148,167,174,181],"for":[59],"distributed":[60],"remain":[62],"limited.":[63],"We":[64],"formulate":[65],"a":[66,151],"composite":[67],"binary":[68],"hypothesis":[69],"problem":[71],"incorporating":[73],"heterogeneous":[74],"observations":[75,132],"from":[76,113],"To":[81,138],"address":[82],"this":[83,140],"problem,":[84],"two":[85],"are":[87],"developed":[88],"following":[89],"generalized":[91],"likelihood":[92],"ratio":[93],"test":[94],"(GLRT)":[95],"Wald":[97,147],"criterion,":[98],"respectively.":[99],"Given":[100],"differences":[103,114],"observation":[105],"quality":[106],"between":[107],"radars,":[111],"arising":[112],"system":[116],"parameters,":[117],"channel":[118],"responses,":[119],"signal":[121],"processing":[122],"mechanisms,":[123],"traditional":[124],"global":[125,164],"fusion":[126,153,184],"all":[128],"may":[133],"lead":[134],"performance":[136],"degradation.":[137],"mitigate":[139],"issue,":[141],"we":[142],"propose":[143],"GLRT":[145],"based":[149],"on":[150],"local":[152,183],"strategy":[154],"that":[155,163],"selectively":[156],"fuses":[157],"high-quality":[158],"observations.":[159],"Simulation":[160],"results":[161],"demonstrate":[162],"fusion-based":[165],"HAPR":[166,180],"outperform":[168],"pure":[169,172],"or":[171],"under":[175],"specific":[176],"scenarios.":[177],"Furthermore,":[178],"with":[182],"consistently":[185],"achieve":[186],"superior":[187],"detection":[188],"probabilities":[189],"wider":[191],"coverage,":[192],"verifying":[193],"their":[194],"robustness":[195],"effectiveness.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
