{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414871271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3616067","title":"Marginalization-Based Fusion of Particle and Bayesian Classification Filters for GNSS Spoofing Discrimination via Moving Dual Antennas","display_name":"Marginalization-Based Fusion of Particle and Bayesian Classification Filters for GNSS Spoofing Discrimination via Moving Dual Antennas","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414871271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3616067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3616067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3616067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6094-3687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6094-3687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032262275","display_name":"Mingquan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-6661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingquan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-6661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-7160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-7160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23502121,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"6","first_page":"19021","last_page":"19037"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.930400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8008999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.5042999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-inference","display_name":"Bayesian inference","score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.36250001192092896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.930400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8008999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6668999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.5042999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160234255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812535","display_name":"Bayesian inference","level":3,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207201462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182505","display_name":"Bayes' theorem","level":3,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3616067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3616067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1198081171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62473222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080647722","https://openalex.org/W2551075229","https://openalex.org/W2588292428","https://openalex.org/W2610334615","https://openalex.org/W2769249103","https://openalex.org/W2805781985","https://openalex.org/W2885619172","https://openalex.org/W2916589647","https://openalex.org/W2945312201","https://openalex.org/W2947605061","https://openalex.org/W2967819855","https://openalex.org/W2980050209","https://openalex.org/W2989716198","https://openalex.org/W3011717424","https://openalex.org/W3036632447","https://openalex.org/W3092423827","https://openalex.org/W3095093410","https://openalex.org/W3111554295","https://openalex.org/W3129912741","https://openalex.org/W3134429854","https://openalex.org/W4223620065","https://openalex.org/W4226271111","https://openalex.org/W4322007864","https://openalex.org/W4361759413","https://openalex.org/W4389398599","https://openalex.org/W4399880797","https://openalex.org/W4401505113","https://openalex.org/W4406793997","https://openalex.org/W4406856878","https://openalex.org/W4408257729","https://openalex.org/W4410173946"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"Navigation":[1],"Satellite":[2],"Systems":[3],"(GNSS)":[4],"are":[5],"increasingly":[6],"vulnerable":[7],"to":[8,45,61,102],"spoofing":[9,13,35,42,48,86,105,115,178,193],"attacks,":[10],"with":[11,202],"multi-antenna":[12,47,104,177],"presenting":[14],"a":[15,76,125,129],"particularly":[16],"challenging":[17],"threat":[18],"by":[19],"replicating":[20],"the":[21,108,134,143,162,165,183,189,209],"spatial":[22,32],"characteristics":[23],"of":[24,146,164,216],"authentic":[25],"signals.":[26],"While":[27],"dual-antenna":[28,90],"GNSS":[29,91],"receivers":[30],"provide":[31],"observability":[33],"for":[34,85,136,225],"mitigation,":[36],"most":[37],"existing":[38],"methods":[39],"assume":[40],"single-direction":[41],"and":[43,79,99,106,114,128,149,158,171],"struggle":[44],"address":[46,103],"attacks.":[49],"Methods":[50],"that":[51],"incorporate":[52],"ephemeris-consistency":[53],"checks":[54],"often":[55],"rely":[56],"on":[57],"combinatorial":[58],"subset":[59,138],"testing":[60],"identify":[62],"compromised":[63],"signals,":[64],"resulting":[65],"in":[66,88,175,207],"substantial":[67],"computational":[68],"overhead.":[69],"To":[70],"overcome":[71],"these":[72],"challenges,":[73],"we":[74],"present":[75],"Marginalization-based":[77],"Particle":[78],"Bayesian":[80,130],"Classification":[81],"(MPBC)":[82],"filtering":[83],"framework":[84],"discrimination":[87,154,194],"moving":[89],"receivers.":[92],"The":[93],"proposed":[94,166],"approach":[95,167],"integrates":[96],"ephemeris":[97],"data":[98],"carrier-phase":[100],"measurements":[101],"partitions":[107],"joint":[109],"state":[110],"into":[111],"motion":[112],"states":[113],"indicators.":[116],"This":[117],"marginalized":[118],"formulation":[119],"enables":[120],"computationally":[121],"efficient":[122],"inference":[123],"through":[124],"particle":[126],"filter":[127],"classification":[131],"filter,":[132],"eliminating":[133],"need":[135],"exhaustive":[137],"searches.":[139],"By":[140],"explicitly":[141],"modeling":[142],"temporal":[144],"continuity":[145],"receiver":[147],"dynamics":[148],"signal":[150],"behavior,":[151],"MPBC":[152],"enhances":[153],"robustness.":[155],"Extensive":[156],"simulations":[157],"field":[159],"experiments":[160],"confirm":[161],"effectiveness":[163],"under":[168],"both":[169],"rotational":[170],"translational":[172],"motion,":[173],"even":[174],"dense":[176],"scenarios.":[179],"In":[180],"particular,":[181],"when":[182],"received":[184],"signals":[185,206],"maintain":[186],"good":[187],"quality,":[188],"method":[190],"achieves":[191],"per-signal":[192],"accuracies":[195],"typically":[196],"exceeding":[197],"90%.":[198],"Furthermore,":[199],"during":[200],"tests":[201],"more":[203],"than":[204],"30":[205],"view,":[208],"algorithm":[210],"sustained":[211],"an":[212],"average":[213],"processing":[214],"time":[215],"approximately":[217],"0.01":[218],"s":[219],"per":[220],"epoch,":[221],"demonstrating":[222],"its":[223],"potential":[224],"real-time":[226],"operation.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}