{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7081917995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3608733","title":"Joint DOA, DOD, and Range Parameter Estimation for Bistatic FDA-MIMO Radar via Triangular Geometry and Maximum Likelihood Criterion","display_name":"Joint DOA, DOD, and Range Parameter Estimation for Bistatic FDA-MIMO Radar via Triangular Geometry and Maximum Likelihood Criterion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7081917995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3608733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3608733","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3608733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qingyun Kan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4304-5847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyun Kan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4304-5847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jingwei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1865-6214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1865-6214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Weiwei Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave, China Academy of Space Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave, China Academy of Space Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lan Lan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9398-1308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9398-1308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guisheng Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5919-0713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guisheng Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5919-0713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hing Cheung So","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-7898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hing Cheung So","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-7898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.396,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88073988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"6","first_page":"18037","last_page":"18051"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6657999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6657999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.02419999986886978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14311","display_name":"Electrical and Electromagnetic Research","score":0.019700000062584877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistatic-radar","display_name":"Bistatic radar","score":0.8156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.7541000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.7427999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.6252999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5403000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.38929998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.359499990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.8156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.7541000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.7427999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.6252999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6035000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5403000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.38929998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151120012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2143008","display_name":"Passive radar","level":5,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777585438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935105","display_name":"Multistatic radar","level":5,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89106044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45284","display_name":"Likelihood function","level":3,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987759513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar signal processing","level":4,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191462741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795902","display_name":"Maximum likelihood sequence estimation","level":3,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3608733","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3608733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5416256189346313,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4572600292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R-IND25501","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4714533100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62422115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480270663","https://openalex.org/W1986735094","https://openalex.org/W1990760105","https://openalex.org/W1991091721","https://openalex.org/W2004333449","https://openalex.org/W2018744547","https://openalex.org/W2089701475","https://openalex.org/W2109814252","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2115396342","https://openalex.org/W2119227377","https://openalex.org/W2126730357","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2128380657","https://openalex.org/W2164137373","https://openalex.org/W2165468651","https://openalex.org/W2169729253","https://openalex.org/W2195896080","https://openalex.org/W2328196818","https://openalex.org/W2549794316","https://openalex.org/W2760203759","https://openalex.org/W2794180747","https://openalex.org/W2800408116","https://openalex.org/W2952101609","https://openalex.org/W3005034039","https://openalex.org/W3007201590","https://openalex.org/W3092603992","https://openalex.org/W3136940367","https://openalex.org/W3138960487","https://openalex.org/W3165611620","https://openalex.org/W3169186335","https://openalex.org/W4223944904","https://openalex.org/W4285114651","https://openalex.org/W4312361655","https://openalex.org/W4382364146","https://openalex.org/W4385194687","https://openalex.org/W4386132042","https://openalex.org/W4388754419","https://openalex.org/W4394698927","https://openalex.org/W4396232481","https://openalex.org/W4396910148","https://openalex.org/W4399311119","https://openalex.org/W4400188034","https://openalex.org/W4402401533","https://openalex.org/W4406213672","https://openalex.org/W4407449100"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"multidimensional":[1],"parameter":[2,57,204],"estimation":[3,40,58,62,75,114,125,205],"is":[4,102,120,133],"fundamental":[5],"for":[6,151,183],"target":[7,42],"localization":[8],"in":[9,20,84,168],"bistatic":[10,32,78,155],"frequency-diverse":[11],"array":[12],"multiple-input":[13],"multiple-output":[14],"radar":[15],"systems.":[16],"A":[17],"critical":[18],"challenge":[19],"such":[21],"systems":[22],"arises":[23],"from":[24],"the":[25,39,64,77,81,85,89,94,107,123,129,143,161,171,189,195,198],"inherent":[26],"coupling":[27],"between":[28],"direction-of-departure":[29],"(DOD)":[30],"and":[31,46,68,72,88,111,147,154,201],"range":[33,47,73,91,96,113,131,156],"sum":[34,74,157],"parameters,":[35],"which":[36],"significantly":[37],"complicates":[38],"of":[41,109,188,197],"DOD,":[43,153],"direction-of-arrival":[44],"(DOA),":[45],"sum.":[48],"To":[49],"address":[50],"this":[51],"problem,":[52],"we":[53],"propose":[54],"a":[55,164,174,184],"two-stage":[56],"framework:":[59],"1)":[60],"DOA":[61,82,110,140],"via":[63],"maximum":[65],"likelihood":[66],"estimator":[67,200],"2)":[69],"joint":[70],"DOD":[71,117,124],"leveraging":[76],"triangular":[79],"geometry,":[80],"obtained":[83],"first":[86],"step,":[87],"principal":[90,112,130],"determined":[92],"by":[93,128,139],"target\u2019s":[95],"cell.":[97],"An":[98],"error":[99,126],"propagation":[100],"function":[101],"developed":[103,199],"to":[104,136,208],"quantitatively":[105],"analyze":[106],"impact":[108],"errors":[115],"on":[116],"accuracy.":[118],"It":[119],"revealed":[121],"that":[122,137],"induced":[127],"inaccuracy":[132],"negligible":[134],"compared":[135,207],"caused":[138],"discrepancy.":[141],"Furthermore,":[142],"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao":[144],"bounds":[145,149],"(CRBs)":[146],"Ziv\u2013Zakai":[148],"(ZZBs)":[150],"DOA,":[152],"are":[158],"derived.":[159],"While":[160],"CRB":[162],"provides":[163],"tight":[165],"bound":[166],"only":[167],"high-signal-to-noise-ratio":[169],"regions,":[170],"ZZB":[172],"offers":[173],"globally":[175],"valid":[176],"performance":[177,186,206],"bound,":[178],"making":[179],"it":[180],"more":[181],"suitable":[182],"comprehensive":[185],"evaluation":[187],"proposed":[190],"method.":[191],"Simulation":[192],"results":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"effectiveness":[196],"its":[202],"superior":[203],"competing":[209],"methods.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
