{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412802814","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3594320","title":"ISAR Image Geometric Standardization via Bipartite Convex Hull Affine Transformation Reconstruction for Automatic Ship Target Recognition","display_name":"ISAR Image Geometric Standardization via Bipartite Convex Hull Affine Transformation Reconstruction for Automatic Ship Target Recognition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412802814","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3594320"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3594320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3594320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063238697","display_name":"Xinfei Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2412-8415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinfei Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101974748","display_name":"Zihan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9252-7285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zihan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058227011","display_name":"Xinbo Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8516-4965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinbo Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Security System Center, Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Security System Center, Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100751981","display_name":"Hongxu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7578-416X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongxu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036891870","display_name":"Fulin Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2065-631X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fulin Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063238697"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16568997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"6","first_page":"16151","last_page":"16168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9088000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affine-transformation","display_name":"Affine transformation","score":0.6795883178710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.6590136885643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convex-hull","display_name":"Convex hull","score":0.6503739953041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.607186496257782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipartite-graph","display_name":"Bipartite graph","score":0.568452775478363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.5603757500648499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5460451245307922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5459014177322388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.5137368440628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hull","display_name":"Hull","score":0.5132157802581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48073863983154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.441878080368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-polygon","display_name":"Regular polygon","score":0.4089503884315491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.3825603723526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3578299880027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34492143988609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.286403089761734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.2747141718864441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25367701053619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.20984849333763123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.14702358841896057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11142799258232117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92757383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382497","display_name":"Affine transformation","level":2,"score":0.6795883178710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.6590136885643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206194317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138624","display_name":"Convex hull","level":3,"score":0.6503739953041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.607186496257782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197657726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174733","display_name":"Bipartite graph","level":3,"score":0.568452775478363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5603757500648499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5460451245307922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109094680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060432","display_name":"Inverse synthetic aperture radar","level":4,"score":0.5459014177322388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.5137368440628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37423430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6750281","display_name":"Hull","level":2,"score":0.5132157802581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48073863983154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.441878080368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.4089503884315491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.3825603723526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3578299880027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34492143988609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.286403089761734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.2747141718864441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25367701053619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.20984849333763123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.14702358841896057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11142799258232117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3594320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3594320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7738313129","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024Z073077005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322857","funder_display_name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322857","display_name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/02wq41p38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529720487","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W2033819227","https://openalex.org/W2063956738","https://openalex.org/W2067663391","https://openalex.org/W2103645874","https://openalex.org/W2123461112","https://openalex.org/W2128486433","https://openalex.org/W2153504150","https://openalex.org/W2587080160","https://openalex.org/W2757152498","https://openalex.org/W2784096112","https://openalex.org/W2808245333","https://openalex.org/W2897837819","https://openalex.org/W2968547877","https://openalex.org/W2973029871","https://openalex.org/W4205172069","https://openalex.org/W4225425427","https://openalex.org/W4245506611","https://openalex.org/W4297969545","https://openalex.org/W4312096424","https://openalex.org/W4362683566","https://openalex.org/W4367281924","https://openalex.org/W4379791578","https://openalex.org/W4382766578","https://openalex.org/W4385191313","https://openalex.org/W4387757579","https://openalex.org/W4387803740","https://openalex.org/W4387917835","https://openalex.org/W4389331812","https://openalex.org/W4392693807","https://openalex.org/W4393034152","https://openalex.org/W4394841587","https://openalex.org/W4395664579","https://openalex.org/W4399054943","https://openalex.org/W4401325867","https://openalex.org/W4404563288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3041793138","https://openalex.org/W3013723914","https://openalex.org/W157990886","https://openalex.org/W2166098053","https://openalex.org/W2796004293","https://openalex.org/W3039343861","https://openalex.org/W3094495506","https://openalex.org/W4383333744","https://openalex.org/W2002132812","https://openalex.org/W1966240847"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inverse":[0],"Synthetic":[1],"Aperture":[2],"Radar":[3,10],"(ISAR)":[4],"images":[5,180,201],"are":[6,82,89,158,166,181],"extensively":[7],"utilized":[8],"in":[9,22],"Automatic":[11],"Target":[12],"Recognition":[13],"(RATR).":[14],"However,":[15],"the":[16,20,23,71,76,85,98,102,110,113,117,126,129,133,149,152,156,170,175,178,188,213,217,222],"target":[17,68],"motion":[18],"and":[19,80,155,165,209],"variations":[21],"Line":[24],"of":[25,190,216],"Sight":[26],"(LoS)":[27],"significantly":[28],"impact":[29],"ISAR":[30,62,179,200],"images.":[31],"These":[32],"factors":[33],"lead":[34],"to":[35,59,91,132,161,168],"attitude":[36,185],"sensitivity,":[37],"which":[38,220],"decreases":[39],"recognition":[40,196],"accuracy.":[41],"To":[42],"overcome":[43],"this":[44,46],"challenge,":[45],"paper":[47],"presents":[48],"an":[49],"algorithm":[50],"named":[51],"Bipartite":[52],"Convex":[53],"Hull":[54],"Affine":[55],"Transformation":[56],"Reconstruction":[57],"(BCHATR)":[58],"assist":[60],"with":[61,183],"image":[63],"geometric":[64,72],"standardization":[65],"for":[66,109],"automatic":[67],"recognition.":[69],"First,":[70],"features":[73],"such":[74],"as":[75,121,141,202],"convex":[77,86,103],"hull,":[78],"centerline,":[79],"centroid":[81],"extracted.":[83],"Next,":[84],"hull":[87,104],"vertices":[88],"filtered":[90],"remove":[92],"closely":[93],"located":[94],"points.":[95],"Following":[96,174],"that,":[97],"extracted":[99],"centerline":[100,118,153],"divides":[101],"into":[105],"two":[106],"parts.":[107],"Subsequently,":[108],"upper":[111],"part,":[112,128],"vertex":[114,130],"farthest":[115],"from":[116],"is":[119,139,192],"selected":[120,140,150],"a":[122,142],"feature":[123,143,146],"point.":[124,144],"For":[125],"lower":[127],"corresponding":[131],"maximum":[134],"Intersection":[135],"over":[136],"Union":[137],"(IoU)":[138],"The":[145],"points,":[147],"involving":[148],"vertices,":[151],"endpoints,":[154],"centroid,":[157],"all":[159,227],"demonstrated":[160],"be":[162],"affine":[163,171,176],"invariant":[164],"used":[167],"calculate":[169],"transformation":[172],"coefficients.":[173],"transformation,":[177],"standardized":[182,199],"reduced":[184],"sensitivity.":[186],"Finally,":[187],"effectiveness":[189],"BCHATR":[191],"further":[193],"validated":[194],"through":[195],"experiments":[197],"using":[198],"templates.":[203],"Experiments":[204],"based":[205],"on":[206],"both":[207],"simulated":[208],"measured":[210],"data":[211],"confirm":[212],"superior":[214],"performance":[215],"proposed":[218],"method,":[219],"achieves":[221],"highest":[223],"mean":[224],"accuracy":[225],"among":[226],"compared":[228],"methods.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
