{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412164088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3587686","title":"HFRNet: An Efficient Architecture Based on Hierarchical Feature Retention for Radar Signal Modulation Recognition","display_name":"HFRNet: An Efficient Architecture Based on Hierarchical Feature Retention for Radar Signal Modulation Recognition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412164088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3587686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3587686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3587686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100316189","display_name":"Caiyu Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Caiyu Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026843046","display_name":"Weibo Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6136-0147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weibo Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6761-2269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023750239","display_name":"Ruobing Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruobing Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013688635","display_name":"Jifang Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-6642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jifang Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027924825","display_name":"Yulin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-9323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100316189"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7137,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94720513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"6","first_page":"15477","last_page":"15491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9071999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6722568869590759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5952510833740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5504987835884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5456637740135193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.45424872636795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.45262807607650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.4453071653842926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.44416308403015137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.42527350783348083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4159245789051056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.40690433979034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3348294496536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33225730061531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28702229261398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2744307518005371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.12010270357131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11847567558288574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6722568869590759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5952510833740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5504987835884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5456637740135193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.45424872636795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.45262807607650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.4453071653842926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.44416308403015137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.42527350783348083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4159245789051056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40690433979034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3348294496536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33225730061531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28702229261398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2744307518005371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.12010270357131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11847567558288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3587686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3587686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2734522636","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024Z073080003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327472","funder_display_name":"Chinese Aeronautical Establishment"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2940725928","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7387146898","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2441229","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327472","display_name":"Chinese Aeronautical Establishment","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022691447","https://openalex.org/W2029811110","https://openalex.org/W2044830456","https://openalex.org/W2063146632","https://openalex.org/W2083475080","https://openalex.org/W2140515654","https://openalex.org/W2148593155","https://openalex.org/W2165878107","https://openalex.org/W2170120126","https://openalex.org/W2211599813","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2586095846","https://openalex.org/W2587544265","https://openalex.org/W2591880439","https://openalex.org/W2886334544","https://openalex.org/W2963918968","https://openalex.org/W2967920509","https://openalex.org/W3009850456","https://openalex.org/W3011402415","https://openalex.org/W3015903302","https://openalex.org/W3034429256","https://openalex.org/W3127701791","https://openalex.org/W3128762715","https://openalex.org/W3145713205","https://openalex.org/W3164058107","https://openalex.org/W3183646120","https://openalex.org/W3212386989","https://openalex.org/W4205789684","https://openalex.org/W4220983482","https://openalex.org/W4237091046","https://openalex.org/W4289821471","https://openalex.org/W4296339284","https://openalex.org/W4308085475","https://openalex.org/W4367032205","https://openalex.org/W4377079721","https://openalex.org/W4379983741","https://openalex.org/W4386453595","https://openalex.org/W4387682172","https://openalex.org/W4392124327","https://openalex.org/W4401325839"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2313564459","https://openalex.org/W2591718649","https://openalex.org/W2107843366","https://openalex.org/W2037625744","https://openalex.org/W2166359430","https://openalex.org/W4380485709","https://openalex.org/W770066839","https://openalex.org/W4313855562","https://openalex.org/W2091422131","https://openalex.org/W2742737769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"modulation":[1,35,81,183],"recognition":[2,46,150,158],"(AMR)":[3],"of":[4,54,60,131,180],"radar":[5,24,55,181],"signals":[6,25,79],"plays":[7],"a":[8,27,73],"crucial":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11],"electronic":[12],"reconnaissance.":[13],"In":[14],"the":[15,39,51,93,107,113,125,142,178],"complex":[16],"and":[17,33,109,112,166],"rapidly":[18],"changing":[19],"electromagnetic":[20],"environment,":[21],"efficiently":[22],"recognizing":[23],"remains":[26],"challenging":[28],"task.":[29],"To":[30,83],"achieve":[31],"accurate":[32],"timely":[34],"recognition,":[36],"we":[37,88],"propose":[38],"Hierarchical":[40],"Feature":[41],"Retention":[42],"Network":[43],"(HFRNet)\u2014\u2014an":[44],"efficient":[45,75],"network":[47,70],"architecture":[48],"based":[49],"on":[50],"time-frequency":[52,94],"characteristics":[53,95,102,138],"signals.":[56],"The":[57,129],"core":[58],"principle":[59],"HFRNet":[61,147,155],"is":[62],"to":[63,80,124,173],"progressively":[64],"retain":[65],"signal":[66,101,137,182],"features":[67],"at":[68],"intermediate":[69],"stages,":[71],"enabling":[72],"more":[74,161],"mapping":[76],"from":[77],"raw":[78],"types.":[82],"facilitate":[84],"effective":[85],"feature":[86],"extraction,":[87],"design":[89],"two":[90],"fundamental":[91],"modules:":[92],"retention":[96],"module":[97],"(TFRM),":[98],"which":[99,118],"preserves":[100],"through":[103],"progressive":[104],"filtering":[105],"along":[106],"time":[108],"frequency":[110],"dimensions;":[111],"adaptive":[114],"denoising":[115],"operation":[116],"(ADO),":[117],"adaptively":[119],"filters":[120],"out":[121],"noise":[122],"according":[123],"signal-to-noise":[126],"ratio":[127],"(SNR).":[128],"integration":[130],"these":[132],"modules":[133],"ensures":[134],"that":[135,154],"essential":[136],"are":[139],"retained":[140],"throughout":[141],"network's":[143],"forward":[144],"propagation,":[145],"endowing":[146],"with":[148,160],"robust":[149],"capabilities.":[151],"Experiments":[152],"demonstrate":[153],"achieves":[156],"superior":[157],"performance,":[159],"than":[162],"75%":[163],"fewer":[164],"parameters":[165],"over":[167],"82%":[168],"reduced":[169],"computational":[170],"complexity":[171],"compared":[172],"state-of-the-art":[174],"methods,":[175],"significantly":[176],"enhancing":[177],"efficiency":[179],"recognition.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}