{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410949558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3575045","title":"OSFSM: A Systematic Open Set Framework for Radar Automatic Target Recognition Using HRRP","display_name":"OSFSM: A Systematic Open Set Framework for Radar Automatic Target Recognition Using HRRP","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410949558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3575045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3575045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3575045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102908657","display_name":"Wentao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2294-1824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wentao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2294-1824","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069657933","display_name":"Biao Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7259-3739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biao Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7259-3739","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041924377","display_name":"Jing Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-414X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152910","display_name":"Jingpin Materials (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wasyv34","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152910"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Nanhu Electronic Information Technology Company Ltd, Jingzhou, China","Aerospace Nanhu Electronic Information Technology Co., Ltd., Jingzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Nanhu Electronic Information Technology Company Ltd, Jingzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152910"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Nanhu Electronic Information Technology Co., Ltd., Jingzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082045465","display_name":"Pengjun Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengjun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4140-5037","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100826542","display_name":"Shiyou Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-7986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyou Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-7986","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.188,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93762673,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"5","first_page":"12350","last_page":"12365"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.8989999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.8989999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.8241000175476074,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.8021000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.6933784484863281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5993635654449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.55077064037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5395796298980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.53493732213974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.48886603116989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4625484347343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4274154007434845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/target-acquisition","display_name":"Target acquisition","score":0.41748228669166565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3752983510494232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.36576923727989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.32138076424598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13799121975898743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.6933784484863281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5993635654449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.55077064037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5395796298980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.53493732213974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.48886603116989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4625484347343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4274154007434845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779726219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7685884","display_name":"Target acquisition","level":2,"score":0.41748228669166565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3752983510494232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.36576923727989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.32138076424598694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13799121975898743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3575045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3575045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2902140659","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371477","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4600802705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019ZT08X751","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335795","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335795","display_name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018459374","https://openalex.org/W2149489931","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2928165649","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962922273","https://openalex.org/W2963149653","https://openalex.org/W2973424371","https://openalex.org/W2977117446","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W3035081753","https://openalex.org/W3095099350","https://openalex.org/W3113047382","https://openalex.org/W3118707261","https://openalex.org/W3129895333","https://openalex.org/W3134961575","https://openalex.org/W3155627276","https://openalex.org/W3157122767","https://openalex.org/W3176814451","https://openalex.org/W3185980597","https://openalex.org/W3192142973","https://openalex.org/W4210990344","https://openalex.org/W4226057414","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4284713852","https://openalex.org/W4296340364","https://openalex.org/W4312417111","https://openalex.org/W4315473654","https://openalex.org/W4315473856","https://openalex.org/W4321073614","https://openalex.org/W4327661945","https://openalex.org/W4366310765","https://openalex.org/W4367048262","https://openalex.org/W4367281924","https://openalex.org/W4390871586","https://openalex.org/W4392543825","https://openalex.org/W4392607698","https://openalex.org/W4393344285","https://openalex.org/W4396909930","https://openalex.org/W4401507547"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137365474","https://openalex.org/W2784759481","https://openalex.org/W3038591045","https://openalex.org/W2053024573","https://openalex.org/W2106749053","https://openalex.org/W2887270943","https://openalex.org/W2773828237","https://openalex.org/W4380446815","https://openalex.org/W2945014618","https://openalex.org/W2045526238"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,18],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"HRRP-based":[3,61,80],"radar":[4],"automatic":[5],"target":[6,22],"recognition":[7,39],"(RATR)":[8],"using":[9,186],"deep":[10],"neural":[11],"networks":[12],"(DNNs)":[13],"has":[14],"garnered":[15],"increasing":[16],"attention.":[17],"real-world":[19],"scenarios,":[20],"test":[21],"categories":[23],"frequently":[24],"include":[25],"both":[26],"known":[27,51],"and":[28,126,191],"unknown":[29],"classes,":[30,52],"which":[31],"is":[32,74,173],"referred":[33],"to":[34,45,110,124,143,159,175],"as":[35,50],"the":[36,57,69,79,119,128,136,144,148,168,182,200,205],"open":[37,94],"set":[38,95,103],"(OSR).":[40],"Existing":[41],"DNN-based":[42],"classifiers":[43],"tend":[44],"classify":[46],"all":[47,116],"captured":[48],"HRRPs":[49],"presenting":[53],"significant":[54],"challenges":[55],"for":[56,77],"practical":[58],"application":[59],"of":[60,104,139,147,184],"RATR":[62],"technology.":[63],"Besides,":[64],"extracting":[65],"HRRP":[66,113,189,194],"features":[67,114,129],"at":[68,130],"optimal":[70,201],"scale":[71],"within":[72],"DNNs":[73,142],"also":[75],"essential":[76],"improving":[78],"OSR":[81,91],"performance.":[82],"To":[83],"address":[84],"these":[85],"issues,":[86],"we":[87,134],"propose":[88],"a":[89,102,153],"systematic":[90],"solution":[92],"named":[93],"full-scale":[96],"model":[97],"(OSFSM).":[98],"Firstly,":[99],"OSFSM":[100,151,185,197],"utilizes":[101],"convolutional":[105],"kernels":[106],"with":[107],"prime-number":[108],"lengths":[109],"efficiently":[111],"extract":[112],"across":[115],"scales.":[117],"Meanwhile,":[118],"learnable":[120],"vectors":[121],"are":[122],"used":[123],"weight":[125,155],"filter":[127],"each":[131],"scale.":[132],"Secondly,":[133],"attribute":[135],"root":[137],"cause":[138],"overconfidence":[140],"in":[141,164],"unconstrained":[145],"magnitude":[146],"logits.":[149],"Therefore,":[150],"designs":[152],"parameter":[154],"constraint":[156],"(PWC)":[157],"loss":[158,172],"implicitly":[160],"suppress":[161],"excessive":[162],"growth":[163],"logits":[165],"magnitude.":[166],"Additionally,":[167],"prototype-based":[169],"orientational":[170],"(PBO)":[171],"proposed":[174],"reduce":[176],"class":[177],"cluster":[178],"overlap.":[179],"We":[180],"validate":[181],"performance":[183,203],"two":[187],"measured":[188],"datasets":[190],"one":[192],"simulated":[193],"dataset.":[195],"The":[196],"method":[198],"achieved":[199],"classification":[202],"among":[204],"implemented":[206],"methods.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
