{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409640731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3563141","title":"A Time\u2013Frequency-Aware Hierarchical Feature Optimization Method for SAR Jamming Recognition","display_name":"A Time\u2013Frequency-Aware Hierarchical Feature Optimization Method for SAR Jamming Recognition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409640731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3563141"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3563141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3563141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111910557","display_name":"Zhenxi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6297-623X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenxi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086570255","display_name":"Dongsheng Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3752-0694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongsheng Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114948881","display_name":"Weiwei Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0213-7997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078540251","display_name":"Xiaoran Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4636-2966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoran Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101941620","display_name":"Haoyue Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4987-6909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyue Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016337013","display_name":"Jinbiao Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6111-5587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinbiao Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076901636","display_name":"Xueru Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9283-1810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueru Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","The National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080509511","display_name":"Feng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1514-7393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Counter-measure and Simulation, Xidian University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111910557"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":57.6256,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99804009,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"4","first_page":"10619","last_page":"10635"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.7023781538009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.669327437877655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.6116527318954468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5782065391540527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5000076293945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48463210463523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4687122702598572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.46547338366508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4444034695625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.4417649507522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.41398119926452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.3303910195827484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16023674607276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11189296841621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.7023781538009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.669327437877655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.6116527318954468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5782065391540527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5000076293945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48463210463523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4687122702598572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.46547338366508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4444034695625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.4417649507522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.41398119926452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.3303910195827484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16023674607276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11189296841621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2025.3563141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2025.3563141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553290054","https://openalex.org/W1968777148","https://openalex.org/W2097762029","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2410591237","https://openalex.org/W2546399733","https://openalex.org/W2623640857","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2798991696","https://openalex.org/W2904650595","https://openalex.org/W2922509574","https://openalex.org/W2955058313","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2973660294","https://openalex.org/W2998049161","https://openalex.org/W3034421924","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3035725276","https://openalex.org/W3081127448","https://openalex.org/W3081226211","https://openalex.org/W3094399866","https://openalex.org/W3121523901","https://openalex.org/W3122412340","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3150932281","https://openalex.org/W3184071296","https://openalex.org/W4229083919","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4292022540","https://openalex.org/W4313174415","https://openalex.org/W4378365322","https://openalex.org/W4383427971","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386401292","https://openalex.org/W4386824719","https://openalex.org/W4386989208","https://openalex.org/W4387803148","https://openalex.org/W4387918004","https://openalex.org/W4389542142","https://openalex.org/W4390871567","https://openalex.org/W4391249237","https://openalex.org/W4394698973","https://openalex.org/W4396790138","https://openalex.org/W4396877673","https://openalex.org/W4404480103","https://openalex.org/W4407690875","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6776700526","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6844194202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137365474","https://openalex.org/W2886347302","https://openalex.org/W2784759481","https://openalex.org/W1545594509","https://openalex.org/W3038591045","https://openalex.org/W1988723959","https://openalex.org/W2053024573","https://openalex.org/W4387802373","https://openalex.org/W4319779178","https://openalex.org/W2773828237"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,163],"recognition":[1,161],"of":[2,34,45,74,113,141,166],"synthetic":[3],"aperture":[4],"radar":[5,19],"(SAR)":[6],"jamming":[7,35,47,76,93,115,129,143,150,155,190],"has":[8],"gained":[9],"significant":[10],"attention":[11,102,119],"due":[12],"to":[13,57,68,104,157],"its":[14,185],"critical":[15],"role":[16],"in":[17,22,52,59,71,109],"enhancing":[18],"system":[20],"performance":[21,175],"complex":[23],"electromagnetic":[24],"environments.":[25],"However,":[26],"existing":[27],"research":[28],"typically":[29],"addresses":[30],"a":[31,69,84,98,127],"limited":[32],"number":[33],"categories,":[36],"hindering":[37],"practical":[38],"applications":[39],"that":[40,134],"require":[41],"the":[42,50,72,110,137,159,173],"simultaneous":[43],"identification":[44],"multiple":[46],"sources.":[48],"Moreover,":[49],"challenges":[51],"feature":[53,88,130,144],"distribution":[54,131],"optimization":[55,89,132],"lead":[56],"overlaps":[58],"inter-class":[60],"features":[61,108],"and":[62,120,139,169],"inconsistencies":[63],"within":[64],"intra-class":[65],"features,":[66],"leading":[67],"decrease":[70],"accuracy":[73],"SAR":[75,92,114,142,149,189],"recognition.":[77,94,191],"To":[78],"tackle":[79],"these":[80],"issues,":[81],"we":[82,96,125],"propose":[83,97,126],"time-frequency":[85,111],"aware":[86,100],"hierarchical":[87,128],"method":[90,133],"for":[91,187],"Specifically,":[95],"timefrequency":[99],"dual":[101],"mechanism":[103],"focus":[105],"on":[106],"crucial":[107],"map":[112],"signal":[116,151],"through":[117],"parallel":[118],"unified":[121],"attention.":[122],"In":[123],"addition,":[124],"further":[135],"improves":[136],"compactness":[138],"discrimination":[140],"representation.":[145],"We":[146],"construct":[147],"an":[148],"dataset":[152],"with":[153],"50":[154],"types":[156],"validate":[158],"proposed":[160],"method.":[162],"detailed":[164],"results":[165],"ablative":[167],"experiments":[168,171],"comparative":[170],"demonstrate":[172],"superior":[174],"across":[176],"different":[177],"JNR":[178],"conditions":[179],"achieved":[180],"by":[181],"our":[182],"method,":[183],"establishing":[184],"efficacy":[186],"robust":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
