{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405179112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3512535","title":"3-ISL Topology: Routing Properties and Performance in LEO Megaconstellation Networks","display_name":"3-ISL Topology: Routing Properties and Performance in LEO Megaconstellation Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405179112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3512535"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2024.3512535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3512535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3512535","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377855","display_name":"Quan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1737-7595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Quan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1737-7595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082676830","display_name":"Lei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5703-2255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5703-2255","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101420527","display_name":"Yong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8420-0135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100631373","display_name":"Yi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7461-9194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110458","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/01z143507","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7461-9194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043286765","display_name":"Haibo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6549-8917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6549-8917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100712765","display_name":"Xiaoqian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9255-3371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160531","display_name":"Chinese People's Liberation Army","ror":"https://ror.org/05tf9r976","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Military Science, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9255-3371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Military Science, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100377855"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.4916,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99106446,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"2","first_page":"4961","last_page":"4972"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.9146999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mega","display_name":"Mega-","score":0.6857340931892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.6594573855400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.5627942085266113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.5511578321456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5378726124763489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5270329117774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.42644989490509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.34885913133621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24174433946609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.17578747868537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14039307832717896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781078984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107205","display_name":"Mega-","level":2,"score":0.6857340931892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.6594573855400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.5627942085266113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.5511578321456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5378726124763489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5270329117774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.42644989490509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34885913133621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24174433946609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17578747868537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14039307832717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2024.3512535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3512535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2024.3512535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3512535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1941591649","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62401597","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G890747666","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ6469","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065709738","https://openalex.org/W2109104827","https://openalex.org/W2109495845","https://openalex.org/W2109573594","https://openalex.org/W2129470979","https://openalex.org/W2138809423","https://openalex.org/W2904235012","https://openalex.org/W2960076810","https://openalex.org/W2992876274","https://openalex.org/W3016282456","https://openalex.org/W3128807435","https://openalex.org/W4206779053","https://openalex.org/W4223506633","https://openalex.org/W4226193620","https://openalex.org/W4247082369","https://openalex.org/W4285174661","https://openalex.org/W4290716252","https://openalex.org/W4292387370","https://openalex.org/W4306147917","https://openalex.org/W4312458537","https://openalex.org/W4317928132","https://openalex.org/W4319865964","https://openalex.org/W4321021721","https://openalex.org/W4322502556","https://openalex.org/W4385336679","https://openalex.org/W4386260564","https://openalex.org/W4387058220","https://openalex.org/W4391092956","https://openalex.org/W4391319116","https://openalex.org/W4391791260","https://openalex.org/W4392175370","https://openalex.org/W4399951752"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402810557","https://openalex.org/W4385584191","https://openalex.org/W3112226121","https://openalex.org/W102059279","https://openalex.org/W3191105034","https://openalex.org/W2163047545","https://openalex.org/W4403255782","https://openalex.org/W4308491350","https://openalex.org/W2922464302","https://openalex.org/W949046406"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Megaconstellation":[0],"networks":[1],"widely":[2],"employ":[3],"intersatellite":[4],"links":[5],"(ISLs)":[6],"to":[7,27,148,167],"enhance":[8],"network":[9,95,97,156],"connectivity.":[10],"However,":[11,158],"the":[12,15,63,75,92,104,121,137,170,210],"ISLs,":[13],"particularly":[14],"interplane":[16,30],"ISLs":[17,31,47,145,195],"that":[18,143],"span":[19],"different":[20],"orbital":[21,182],"planes,":[22],"are":[23,32,89,110,129,165,190],"dynamic":[24],"and":[25,35,55,66,83,85,99,116,126,136,154,184,196,208,216],"difficult":[26],"maintain.":[28],"The":[29,199],"less":[33,57,191],"used":[34],"can":[36,201],"be":[37],"partly":[38],"saved.":[39],"Recently,":[40],"a":[41,70],"special":[42],"ISL":[43,72,217],"configuration":[44,215],"with":[45,180],"three":[46],"per":[48],"satellite":[49],"has":[50],"been":[51],"implemented":[52],"in":[53,159,187],"Starlink":[54],"remains":[56],"studied.":[58],"This":[59,78],"article":[60],"delves":[61],"into":[62],"topological":[64],"characteristics":[65],"routing":[67,87,206],"issues":[68],"of":[69,103,139,169,213],"pruned":[71],"pattern,":[73],"specifically":[74],"3-ISL":[76,105],"topology.":[77,106,218],"topology":[79],"is":[80],"mathematically":[81],"modeled":[82],"indexed,":[84],"key":[86],"properties":[88,109],"derived,":[90],"including":[91],"minimum":[93],"hop-count,":[94],"diameter,":[96],"cost,":[98],"average":[100],"path":[101,123,127,150],"length":[102],"These":[107],"fundamental":[108],"rigorously":[111],"proven":[112],"for":[113,205],"both":[114],"Mesh":[115],"Torus":[117],"topologies.":[118],"In":[119],"addition,":[120],"shortest":[122],"searching":[124],"region":[125],"diversity":[128],"deduced.":[130],"Numerical":[131],"simulations":[132],"verify":[133],"these":[134],"propositions,":[135],"results":[138],"megaconstellation":[140],"scenarios":[141],"suggest":[142],"pruning":[144,194],"could":[146],"lead":[147],"increased":[149],"distance,":[151],"higher":[152],"delay,":[153],"reduced":[155],"capacity.":[157],"certain":[160],"constellation":[161,214],"configurations,":[162],"some":[163],"metrics":[164],"comparable":[166],"those":[168],"traditional":[171],"4-ISL":[172],"topology,":[173],"thereby":[174],"potentially":[175],"reducing":[176],"system":[177],"costs.":[178],"Constellations":[179],"fewer":[181],"planes":[183],"more":[185],"satellites":[186],"each":[188],"plane":[189],"affected":[192],"by":[193],"thus":[197],"preferred.":[198],"findings":[200],"provide":[202],"analytic":[203],"insights":[204],"strategies":[207],"guide":[209],"integrated":[211],"design":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}