{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404293865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3496414","title":"Multidomain Joint Spoofing Detection Based on a Semi-Supervised Detection Network for GNSS-Based Train Positioning","display_name":"Multidomain Joint Spoofing Detection Based on a Semi-Supervised Detection Network for GNSS-Based Train Positioning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404293865","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3496414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2024.3496414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3496414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420059","display_name":"Siqi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-8013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si-Qi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-8013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101569349","display_name":"Jiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2836-7651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","School of Automation and Intelligence and Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-speed Railway System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2836-7651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Intelligence and Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-speed Railway System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100636115","display_name":"Baigen Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6440-005X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bai-gen Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6440-005X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100773352","display_name":"Jian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9658-7093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","School of Automation and Intelligence and Beijing Engineering Research Center of EMC and GNSS Technology for Rail Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Intelligence and Beijing Engineering Research Center of EMC and GNSS Technology for Rail Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068836948","display_name":"Debiao Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"De-biao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","School of Automation and Intelligence and Beijing Engineering Research Center of EMC and GNSS Technology for Rail Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5752-5858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Intelligence and Beijing Engineering Research Center of EMC and GNSS Technology for Rail Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8443,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77468935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"2","first_page":"3936","last_page":"3949"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10986","display_name":"RFID technology advancements","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7830687165260315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7208073735237122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6450639963150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.6159411668777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4872221052646637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4833509624004364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3967917561531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3391965627670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3293951153755188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3248065710067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2909407317638397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2640836238861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.17872858047485352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12721922993659973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7830687165260315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7208073735237122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6450639963150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.6159411668777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4872221052646637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4833509624004364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3967917561531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3391965627670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3293951153755188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3248065710067749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2909407317638397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2640836238861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.17872858047485352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12721922993659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2024.3496414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3496414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2463302693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4232031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2740202866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022JBQY003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3096296027","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L211004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5600642901","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2268206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G764716808","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T2222015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557560302","https://openalex.org/W2588080234","https://openalex.org/W2743265561","https://openalex.org/W2809835104","https://openalex.org/W2894734582","https://openalex.org/W2897501030","https://openalex.org/W2898094349","https://openalex.org/W2900365820","https://openalex.org/W2915899896","https://openalex.org/W2917307480","https://openalex.org/W2917582170","https://openalex.org/W2963045681","https://openalex.org/W2972852536","https://openalex.org/W2979865275","https://openalex.org/W3021027848","https://openalex.org/W3044615379","https://openalex.org/W3108599538","https://openalex.org/W3164111544","https://openalex.org/W3188301062","https://openalex.org/W3195956058","https://openalex.org/W3201498213","https://openalex.org/W3204130129","https://openalex.org/W3206448138","https://openalex.org/W3207942738","https://openalex.org/W4285163933","https://openalex.org/W4290043221","https://openalex.org/W4292964810","https://openalex.org/W4300942166","https://openalex.org/W4310220271","https://openalex.org/W4320490160","https://openalex.org/W4322770800","https://openalex.org/W4360996348","https://openalex.org/W4365806535","https://openalex.org/W4387150027","https://openalex.org/W4393252659","https://openalex.org/W6735954763","https://openalex.org/W6986932317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3008363920","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W2088717005","https://openalex.org/W3206448138","https://openalex.org/W4319430861","https://openalex.org/W3200530419"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,5,19,30,33,64,72,78,83,97,101,113,116,123,131,141,146,150,154,163,167,172,178],"positioning":[2,25,34,170],"technology":[3],"advances,":[4],"global":[6],"navigation":[7],"satellite":[8],"system":[9],"(GNSS)":[10],"has":[11,26],"been":[12],"highly":[13],"concerned":[14],"in":[15,111],"railway":[16,137],"systems.":[17],"Meanwhile,":[18],"attack":[20],"surface":[21],"to":[22,70,95,177],"GNSS-enabled":[23],"train":[24,138,169],"expanded,":[27],"and":[28,86,135,158],"thus,":[29],"concerns":[31],"regarding":[32],"security":[35],"have":[36],"increased.":[37],"To":[38],"deal":[39],"with":[40,122,175],"potential":[41,164],"threats":[42],"from":[43,140],"a":[44,136],"GNSS":[45],"spoofing":[46,58,117,142],"attack,":[47],"research":[48],"on":[49],"active":[50],"detection":[51,59],"is":[52,60,68,109],"conducted.":[53],"A":[54,105],"framework":[55],"of":[56,100,115,149],"multi-domain-feature-based":[57],"established,":[61],"under":[62,130,171],"which":[63,161],"semi-supervised":[65],"GANomaly":[66,103],"network":[67,90],"designed":[69],"generate":[71],"data-driven":[73],"model.":[74],"Different":[75],"blocks,":[76],"including":[77],"multiscale":[79],"group":[80],"dilated":[81],"convolution,":[82],"attention":[84],"gate,":[85],"double-dilated":[87],"temporal":[88],"convolutional":[89],"residual":[91],"block,":[92],"are":[93],"involved":[94],"improve":[96],"reconstruction":[98],"ability":[99],"vanilla":[102],"network.":[104],"dynamic":[106],"threshold":[107],"mechanism":[108],"adopted":[110,179],"identifying":[112],"existence":[114],"attack.":[118],"The":[119],"experimental":[120],"results":[121],"open-source":[124],"Texas":[125],"Spoofing":[126],"Test":[127],"Battery":[128],"dataset":[129,139],"ds7":[132],"static":[133],"scenario":[134],"injection":[143],"test":[144],"demonstrate":[145],"certain":[147],"advantages":[148],"proposed":[151],"solution":[152],"over":[153],"reference":[155],"single-feature-based":[156],"methods":[157],"existing":[159],"networks,":[160],"highlight":[162],"for":[165],"achieving":[166],"resilient":[168],"observing":[173],"conditions":[174],"respect":[176],"datasets.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}