{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403052645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3472629","title":"Two-Stage Spatial Whitening and Normalized MUSIC for Robust DOA Estimation of GNSS Signals Under Jamming","display_name":"Two-Stage Spatial Whitening and Normalized MUSIC for Robust DOA Estimation of GNSS Signals Under Jamming","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403052645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3472629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2024.3472629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3472629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026533056","display_name":"C. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5143-7630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanrui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5143-7630","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043550848","display_name":"Xiaowei Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0545-7408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0545-7408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412387","display_name":"Gang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6676-6621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6676-6621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032262275","display_name":"Mingquan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-6661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingquan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-6661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9416,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94673901,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"2","first_page":"2557","last_page":"2572"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.838303804397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8371453285217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-signal-classification","display_name":"Multiple signal classification","score":0.5678423047065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5555480122566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.46111536026000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.4380582571029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.41947120428085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.4184812903404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3696790337562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.33129191398620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3215758800506592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2615661025047302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23145538568496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.16258767247200012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12561914324760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09147700667381287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.838303804397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8371453285217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206118826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3841682","display_name":"Multiple signal classification","level":3,"score":0.5678423047065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5555480122566223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.46111536026000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.4380582571029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.41947120428085327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.4184812903404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3696790337562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.33129191398620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3215758800506592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2615661025047302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23145538568496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.16258767247200012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12561914324760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09147700667381287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2024.3472629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3472629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2210633457","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2233217","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7275162648","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFA0716603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653761051","https://openalex.org/W1569031853","https://openalex.org/W1826025023","https://openalex.org/W2098662053","https://openalex.org/W2110798624","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2122206170","https://openalex.org/W2125451115","https://openalex.org/W2151529858","https://openalex.org/W2163330330","https://openalex.org/W2163645146","https://openalex.org/W2166799841","https://openalex.org/W2318796446","https://openalex.org/W2327737748","https://openalex.org/W2536010736","https://openalex.org/W2596677913","https://openalex.org/W2809702817","https://openalex.org/W2971360808","https://openalex.org/W3128845857","https://openalex.org/W4252183610","https://openalex.org/W4252425079","https://openalex.org/W4323567425","https://openalex.org/W4376606176","https://openalex.org/W4383069136","https://openalex.org/W6606954727","https://openalex.org/W6607261043","https://openalex.org/W6638078001","https://openalex.org/W6639197832","https://openalex.org/W6686967589","https://openalex.org/W6692709511","https://openalex.org/W6730702261","https://openalex.org/W6734824539","https://openalex.org/W6735351558","https://openalex.org/W6736529853","https://openalex.org/W6737676337","https://openalex.org/W6767407959","https://openalex.org/W6780840847"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W2028990501","https://openalex.org/W2169576905","https://openalex.org/W1995035072","https://openalex.org/W2399065630","https://openalex.org/W2003391265","https://openalex.org/W4383333931","https://openalex.org/W3205180365","https://openalex.org/W4233201170","https://openalex.org/W4392115504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"estimation":[1,67,153],"of":[2,5,8,15,128,147],"the":[3,71,96,108,126,145,189],"direction":[4],"arrival":[6],"(DOA)":[7],"navigation":[9,18],"signals":[10,131],"is":[11],"a":[12,16,84,138],"critical":[13],"function":[14],"global":[17],"satellite":[19],"system":[20],"(GNSS)":[21],"array":[22],"receiver":[23],"for":[24,63,88,102,150,178],"applications":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27],"attitude":[28],"determination,":[29],"spoofing":[30],"detection,":[31],"and":[32,52,130,201],"blind":[33],"adaptive":[34],"beamforming.":[35],"However,":[36],"high-power":[37],"GNSS":[38,64,114],"jamming":[39,93,129],"poses":[40],"significant":[41],"challenges":[42],"to":[43,91,112,143,162],"accurate":[44],"DOA":[45,66,115,127,152,180],"estimation.":[46],"This":[47],"paper":[48],"presents":[49],"spatial":[50,85],"whitening":[51,86],"normalized":[53],"multiple":[54],"signal":[55,65],"classification":[56],"(SWN-MUSIC),":[57],"an":[58,99],"enhanced":[59],"two-stage":[60],"MUSIC":[61,109,200],"algorithm":[62,142],"under":[68,117,159],"jamming.":[69,160],"In":[70,95],"first":[72],"stage,":[73,98],"inspired":[74],"by":[75,172],"minimum":[76],"variance":[77],"distortionless":[78],"response":[79],"(MVDR)":[80],"beamforming,":[81],"we":[82,136],"use":[83],"matrix":[87,89,103],"filtering":[90,104],"achieve":[92],"suppression.":[94],"second":[97],"approach":[100],"accounts":[101],"effects":[105],"when":[106,125],"computing":[107],"pseudospectrum.":[110],"Compared":[111,161],"prior":[113],"methods":[116],"jamming,":[118],"our":[119,166],"SWN-MUSIC":[120,140,149],"shows":[121],"improved":[122],"accuracy,":[123],"particularly":[124],"are":[132],"closely":[133,187],"aligned.":[134],"Additionally,":[135],"develop":[137],"reduced-dimension":[139,164],"(RD-SWN-MUSIC)":[141],"lower":[144,191,196],"complexity":[146,197],"applying":[148],"two-dimensional":[151],"using":[154],"uniform":[155],"rectangular":[156],"arrays":[157],"(URA)":[158],"standard":[163],"MUSIC,":[165],"RD-SWN-MUSIC":[167,186],"avoids":[168],"unnecessary":[169],"precision":[170],"loss":[171],"performing":[173],"separate":[174],"one-dimensional":[175],"parameter":[176],"searches":[177],"each":[179],"parameter.":[181],"Numerical":[182],"simulations":[183],"indicate":[184],"that":[185],"approaches":[188],"Cramer-Rao":[190],"bound":[192],"(CRLB),":[193],"with":[194],"significantly":[195],"than":[198],"classical":[199],"its":[202],"previously":[203],"proposed":[204],"versions.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-12-27T23:08:20.325037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
