{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400228608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3422151","title":"A Closed-Form Method With Low Noise Sensitivity for Locating a Moving Source on Earth at a Known Altitude","display_name":"A Closed-Form Method With Low Noise Sensitivity for Locating a Moving Source on Earth at a Known Altitude","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400228608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3422151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2024.3422151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3422151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104340946","display_name":"Gholamreza Bagherian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gholamreza Bagherian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2479-5861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090238254","display_name":"Nader Mokari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5364-8888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nader Mokari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5364-8888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028592684","display_name":"Bijan Abbasi Arand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3910-9153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bijan Abbasi Arand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3910-9153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027768147","display_name":"K. C. Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4883-2151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. C. Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4883-2151","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035446029","display_name":"Halim Yan\u0131k\u00f6mero\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halim Yanikomeroglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Non-Terrestrial Networks Lab, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","Non-terrestrial Networks (NTN) Lab, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-9354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Non-Terrestrial Networks Lab, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Non-terrestrial Networks (NTN) Lab, Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6882,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66341946,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"6","first_page":"7870","last_page":"7885"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12250","display_name":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12250","display_name":"Experimental and Theoretical Physics Studies","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9661999940872192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9293000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.6588743925094604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5992416739463806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.5088520050048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4984726905822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-altitude","display_name":"Low altitude","score":0.4605293869972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3925328254699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3615342676639557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34097278118133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.32101166248321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/altitude","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","score":0.2706694006919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24250295758247375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23331907391548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.22432783246040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.11256834864616394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.6588743925094604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5992416739463806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.5088520050048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4984726905822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993172488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190200","display_name":"Low altitude","level":3,"score":0.4605293869972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3925328254699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3615342676639557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34097278118133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32101166248321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339495","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","level":2,"score":0.2706694006919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24250295758247375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23331907391548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.22432783246040344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.11256834864616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2024.3422151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2024.3422151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1956368687","https://openalex.org/W1999933558","https://openalex.org/W2049063033","https://openalex.org/W2089181681","https://openalex.org/W2096038066","https://openalex.org/W2100498667","https://openalex.org/W2120350100","https://openalex.org/W2134060757","https://openalex.org/W2156476853","https://openalex.org/W2418574976","https://openalex.org/W2477770178","https://openalex.org/W2614148698","https://openalex.org/W2768200951","https://openalex.org/W2770858248","https://openalex.org/W2941098205","https://openalex.org/W2962548111","https://openalex.org/W2978277387","https://openalex.org/W3005939710","https://openalex.org/W3049241247","https://openalex.org/W3081931468","https://openalex.org/W3152558384","https://openalex.org/W3176656665","https://openalex.org/W3184362511","https://openalex.org/W4225288993","https://openalex.org/W4229001200","https://openalex.org/W4385938195","https://openalex.org/W6639172854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982160337","https://openalex.org/W1971380437","https://openalex.org/W1983548084","https://openalex.org/W2141691317","https://openalex.org/W2110846987","https://openalex.org/W2378757965","https://openalex.org/W2160609742","https://openalex.org/W2979526210","https://openalex.org/W1997414638","https://openalex.org/W4224903346"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,21,25,122,141,202,204],"closed-form":[4],"method":[5,33,47,105,126,137,161,234,276],"that":[6,57,106,273],"does":[7,107],"not":[8,108,180],"require":[9],"an":[10],"initial":[11],"guess":[12],"to":[13,35,139,208,222,259],"determine":[14],"the":[15,37,41,54,58,83,88,97,100,103,114,135,145,148,152,159,168,172,178,183,187,214,226,232,239,260,268,274],"geographical":[16],"location":[17],"and":[18,48,91,164,195,230],"velocity":[19],"of":[20,31,40,113,134,151,171,186,218,228,256],"moving":[22],"source":[23,59,93,98,115],"at":[24],"known":[26,64,92],"altitude.":[27],"The":[28,131,155,174,248],"primary":[29],"objective":[30],"this":[32,71],"is":[34,60,138,162,250],"overcome":[36],"main":[38,132],"limitations":[39],"two-step":[42],"weighted":[43],"least":[44],"squares":[45],"(TWLS)":[46],"its":[49],"related":[50],"approaches,":[51,238],"by":[52,86,190],"exploiting":[53],"prior":[55,111],"knowledge":[56,112],"on":[61,167],"earth":[62,89],"with":[63,99,235,252],"altitude":[65,94],"such":[66],"as":[67,199],"in":[68,82,95,144,158,177,201,282],"geolocation.":[69],"For":[70],"reason,":[72],"our":[73,125],"proposed":[74,136,160,175,233,275],"approach":[75,176],"refrains":[76],"from":[77,147,220],"assuming":[78],"simplifications":[79],"or":[80,206],"linearizations":[81],"TWLS":[84,104],"relationships":[85],"utilizing":[87],"model":[90,265],"locating":[96],"measurements.":[101],"Unlike":[102],"use":[109,140],"any":[110],"location,":[116],"which":[117,257],"becomes":[118],"less":[119],"effective":[120],"beyond":[121],"noise":[123,193],"threshold,":[124],"consistently":[127],"demonstrates":[128],"improved":[129],"performance.":[130],"idea":[133],"different":[142],"regressor":[143,156,188],"formulation":[146,179],"measurement":[149],"models":[150],"localization":[153],"problem.":[154],"matrix":[157],"noise-free":[163],"depends":[165],"only":[166,181],"2-D":[169],"coordinates":[170],"receivers.":[173],"solves":[182],"singularity":[184],"issue":[185],"caused":[189],"factors":[191],"like":[192],"variance":[194],"receiver":[196],"arrangement":[197],"(such":[198],"being":[200],"line,":[203],"plane,":[205],"close":[207],"each":[209],"other)":[210],"but":[211],"also":[212],"reduces":[213],"required":[215],"minimum":[216],"number":[217],"receivers":[219],"five":[221],"three.":[223],"Finally,":[224],"for":[225,267],"purpose":[227],"evaluating":[229],"comparing":[231],"other":[236,280],"recent":[237],"constrained":[240],"Cramer\u2013Rao":[241],"lower":[242],"bound":[243],"(CCRLB)":[244],"has":[245],"been":[246],"evaluated.":[247],"CCRLB":[249],"obtained":[251],"two":[253],"constraints,":[254],"both":[255],"pertain":[258],"World":[261],"Geodetic":[262],"System":[263],"1984":[264],"assumed":[266],"earth.":[269],"Simulation":[270],"results":[271],"show":[272],"performs":[277],"better":[278],"than":[279],"methods":[281],"challenging":[283],"scenarios.":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2024-07-03T00:00:00"}
