{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388691995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2023.3332565","title":"Uncertainties of Interpolating Satellite-Specific Slant Ionospheric Delays and Impacts on PPP-RTK","display_name":"Uncertainties of Interpolating Satellite-Specific Slant Ionospheric Delays and Impacts on PPP-RTK","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388691995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2023.3332565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2023.3332565","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2023.3332565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087569172","display_name":"Sijie Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6866-416X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sijie Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6866-416X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012009693","display_name":"Yan Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0369-4792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0369-4792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046082471","display_name":"Benedikt Soja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-2147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benedikt Soja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-2147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101994539","display_name":"Ningbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-1885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ningbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445293","display_name":"Wenxian Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-776X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxian Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-776X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087982918","display_name":"Trieu\u2010Kien Truong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5562-9282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trieu-Kien Truong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5562-9282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3724,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97299293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"1","first_page":"490","last_page":"505"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.7871475219726562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.765790581703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-distance-weighting","display_name":"Inverse distance weighting","score":0.7461462020874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.699128270149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.6333717107772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.5528395771980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.5407706499099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5342539548873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5102994441986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5042446851730347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4722763001918793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.4635874927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"Kriging","score":0.4622935950756073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.44320785999298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4376615285873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-kinematic","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","score":0.4331373870372772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34304916858673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-interpolation","display_name":"Multivariate interpolation","score":0.32894381880760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2905857563018799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2469927966594696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilinear-interpolation","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","score":0.1505606770515442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10791125893592834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10425406694412231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07848858833312988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.07761275768280029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.06824007630348206}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.7871475219726562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.765790581703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47872207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430701","display_name":"Inverse distance weighting","level":4,"score":0.7461462020874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.699128270149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.6333717107772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.5528395771980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5407706499099731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5342539548873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5102994441986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5042446851730347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4722763001918793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.4635874927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.4622935950756073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.44320785999298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4376615285873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93103318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980965","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","level":4,"score":0.4331373870372772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34304916858673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203332170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6334079","display_name":"Multivariate interpolation","level":3,"score":0.32894381880760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2905857563018799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2469927966594696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.1505606770515442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10791125893592834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10425406694412231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07848858833312988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.07761275768280029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.06824007630348206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2023.3332565","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2023.3332565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3411179352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62303311","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172352721","https://openalex.org/W1986149296","https://openalex.org/W1987326676","https://openalex.org/W1993487052","https://openalex.org/W2004081902","https://openalex.org/W2013932865","https://openalex.org/W2019904271","https://openalex.org/W2030492481","https://openalex.org/W2058160370","https://openalex.org/W2075257070","https://openalex.org/W2094797839","https://openalex.org/W2138806405","https://openalex.org/W2145372548","https://openalex.org/W2153105094","https://openalex.org/W2173608195","https://openalex.org/W2188092561","https://openalex.org/W2204453145","https://openalex.org/W2314328481","https://openalex.org/W2334355178","https://openalex.org/W2554197854","https://openalex.org/W2568759769","https://openalex.org/W2621991656","https://openalex.org/W2794922110","https://openalex.org/W2886400280","https://openalex.org/W2899622461","https://openalex.org/W2919605053","https://openalex.org/W2988262044","https://openalex.org/W2998673252","https://openalex.org/W3033080374","https://openalex.org/W3088432569","https://openalex.org/W3170356640","https://openalex.org/W3212236925","https://openalex.org/W4205928413","https://openalex.org/W4213455542","https://openalex.org/W4220985306","https://openalex.org/W4251218915","https://openalex.org/W4281250151","https://openalex.org/W4281562348","https://openalex.org/W4283454914","https://openalex.org/W4361802194","https://openalex.org/W6632296952","https://openalex.org/W6680300277","https://openalex.org/W6736720886"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W168467865","https://openalex.org/W2785584190","https://openalex.org/W3180612984","https://openalex.org/W2512393538","https://openalex.org/W2363866393","https://openalex.org/W2021907765","https://openalex.org/W2317276408","https://openalex.org/W1491597151","https://openalex.org/W4286209816","https://openalex.org/W3034838262"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Precise":[0],"point":[1],"positioning\u2013real-time":[2],"kinematic":[3],"(PPP-RTK)":[4],"achieves":[5],"fast":[6],"convergence":[7,177],"in":[8,123,157,188,193],"global":[9],"navigation":[10],"satellite":[11],"system":[12],"(GNSS)":[13],"positioning":[14,183],"and":[15,53,74,106,145,182,190],"navigation.":[16],"Correcting":[17],"slant":[18,31],"ionospheric":[19,32,78,83],"delays":[20],"is":[21,34,89],"crucial":[22],"for":[23],"this":[24],"purpose.":[25],"One":[26],"way":[27],"to":[28,58,173],"obtain":[29],"the":[30,42,60,85,93,109,133,158,167],"corrections":[33],"by":[35,170],"interpolating":[36],"from":[37],"nearby":[38],"reference":[39],"stations.":[40],"However,":[41],"interpolation":[43,64,124,137],"performance":[44,61,86],"depends":[45],"on":[46,102,112],"many":[47],"factors,":[48],"such":[49],"as":[50,139],"time,":[51,143],"elevation,":[52,144],"distance.":[54,116,146],"This":[55],"article":[56],"aims":[57],"study":[59],"of":[62,87,135,142,155],"three":[63],"algorithms,":[65],"i.e.,":[66],"inverse-distance":[67],"weighting":[68],"(IDW),":[69],"radial":[70],"basis":[71],"function":[72,141],"(RBF),":[73],"Kriging,":[75],"under":[76],"different":[77,136],"conditions.":[79],"For":[80],"inhomogeneously":[81],"distributed":[82],"density,":[84],"IDW":[88],"unsatisfying":[90],"compared":[91],"with":[92,115,151],"other":[94],"two":[95],"methods.":[96],"In":[97],"addition,":[98],"we":[99,127,165],"represent":[100],"uncertainties":[101,110,134,169],"a":[103,129,140,152],"2-D":[104],"map":[105],"find":[107],"that":[108],"increase":[111],"average":[113],"linearly":[114],"Elevation":[117],"also":[118],"plays":[119],"an":[120],"important":[121],"role":[122],"uncertainty.":[125],"Comprehensively,":[126],"build":[128],"mathematical":[130],"model":[131],"between":[132],"methods":[138],"They":[147],"all":[148],"degrade":[149],"significantly":[150],"large":[153],"rate":[154],"change":[156],"total":[159],"electron":[160],"content":[161],"index":[162],"(ROTI).":[163],"Finally,":[164],"validate":[166],"proposed":[168],"applying":[171],"them":[172],"PPP-RTK":[174],"processing.":[175],"A":[176],"time":[178],"within":[179,185],"2":[180],"min":[181],"accuracy":[184],"3.5":[186],"cm":[187,192],"horizontal":[189],"6":[191],"vertical":[194],"directions":[195],"are":[196],"achieved.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}