{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4364322497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2023.3265951","title":"Unveiling Starlink LEO Satellite OFDM-Like Signal Structure Enabling Precise Positioning","display_name":"Unveiling Starlink LEO Satellite OFDM-Like Signal Structure Enabling Precise Positioning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4364322497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2023.3265951"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2023.3265951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2023.3265951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072552993","display_name":"Mohammad Neinavaie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8266-6249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Neinavaie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8266-6249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051240427","display_name":"Zaher M. Kassas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-6142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaher M. Kassas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-6142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":47.0859,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99834946,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"2","first_page":"2486","last_page":"2489"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.7455319166183472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5562995076179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.5157135128974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5098266005516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.48609161376953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4586274027824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.4306631088256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.37401312589645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3338465094566345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28594955801963806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22745996713638306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.13610872626304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1142636239528656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09494614601135254}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.7455319166183472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5562995076179504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.5157135128974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5098266005516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.48609161376953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4586274027824402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4306631088256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.37401312589645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3338465094566345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28594955801963806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22745996713638306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.13610872626304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1142636239528656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09494614601135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2023.3265951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2023.3265951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3026477609","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"69A3552047138","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5977477117","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-19-1-2511","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6917870147","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-22-1-0476","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8469906275","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-22-1-2242","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107820823","https://openalex.org/W2168703653","https://openalex.org/W2589939546","https://openalex.org/W2921679472","https://openalex.org/W2921777890","https://openalex.org/W3113037423","https://openalex.org/W3201566337","https://openalex.org/W3206060486","https://openalex.org/W3213072942","https://openalex.org/W4220867069","https://openalex.org/W4288062148"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2792339401","https://openalex.org/W2530747331","https://openalex.org/W2125564215","https://openalex.org/W3097525855","https://openalex.org/W1986382998","https://openalex.org/W2517776947","https://openalex.org/W2084482193","https://openalex.org/W2550283967","https://openalex.org/W2063393180","https://openalex.org/W3048031999"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"letter":[1],"unveils":[2],"the":[3,30,81,92],"unknown":[4],"structure":[5],"of":[6,23,75],"Starlink":[7,71],"low":[8],"Earth":[9],"orbit":[10],"(LEO)":[11],"satellites'":[12],"orthogonal":[13],"frequency":[14],"division":[15],"multiplexing":[16],"(OFDM)-like":[17],"reference":[18],"signals":[19,26],"(RSs).":[20],"The":[21,86],"spectrum":[22],"Starlink's":[24],"downlink":[25],"is":[27,33,38],"presented,":[28],"and":[29,54,57,61],"frame":[31],"length":[32],"estimated.":[34],"A":[35],"blind":[36],"receiver":[37],"proposed,":[39],"which":[40,76],"acquires":[41],"via":[42],"a":[43],"sequential":[44],"generalized":[45],"likelihood":[46],"ratio":[47],"test":[48],"multiple":[49],"satellites,":[50,73],"estimates":[51],"their":[52,59],"RSs":[53],"respective":[55],"Doppler,":[56],"tracks":[58],"carrier":[60],"code":[62],"phases.":[63],"Experimental":[64],"results":[65],"are":[66],"presented":[67],"showing":[68],"six":[69,93],"tracked":[70],"LEO":[72],"three":[74],"transmitted":[77,83],"pure":[78],"tones,":[79],"whereas":[80],"other":[82],"OFDM-like":[84],"signals.":[85],"achieved":[87],"horizontal":[88],"positioning":[89],"error":[90],"with":[91],"satellites":[94],"was":[95],"6.5":[96],"m.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
