{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313307866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3233339","title":"Physical Layer Security of HAPS-Based Space\u2013Air\u2013Ground-Integrated Network With Hybrid FSO/RF Communication","display_name":"Physical Layer Security of HAPS-Based Space\u2013Air\u2013Ground-Integrated Network With Hybrid FSO/RF Communication","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313307866","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3233339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2022.3233339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3233339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061008315","display_name":"Vinay Bankey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-0652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33552525","display_name":"LNM Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jp7rg16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33552525"]}],"countries":["IN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinay Bankey","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","School of Computer Science and Engineering, The LNM Institute of Information Technology (LNMIIT), Jaipur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-0652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, The LNM Institute of Information Technology (LNMIIT), Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33552525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055330742","display_name":"Shubha Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3227-5557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shubha Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036877094","display_name":"R Swaminathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8254-0144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64295750","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhf7w52","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swaminathan R","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Indore, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8254-0144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Indore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64295750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055069205","display_name":"A. S. Madhukumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-634X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. S. Madhukumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8740-634X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.2832,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99244819,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"4","first_page":"4680","last_page":"4688"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.7500097155570984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rician-fading","display_name":"Rician fading","score":0.6427117586135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6337078213691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6193905472755432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.5437286496162415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5137232542037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5014004707336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space","display_name":"Free space","score":0.44781965017318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.43084225058555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.384895920753479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3810186982154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.2770366668701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23370501399040222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.231197327375412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19207733869552612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.1785062551498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1469743251800537}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.7500097155570984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60472773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7331156","display_name":"Rician fading","level":4,"score":0.6427117586135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6337078213691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6193905472755432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.5437286496162415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5137232542037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5014004707336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988672794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11475","display_name":"Free space","level":2,"score":0.44781965017318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.43084225058555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.384895920753479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3810186982154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.2770366668701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23370501399040222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.231197327375412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19207733869552612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.1785062551498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1469743251800537}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/taes.2022.3233339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2022.3233339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193624734","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","issn_l":"0018-9251","issn":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/170679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/170679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6629447599","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MTR/2021/000553","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334771","funder_display_name":"Science and Engineering Research Board"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334771","display_name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","ror":"https://ror.org/03ffdsr55"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556909464","https://openalex.org/W2112151019","https://openalex.org/W2237628700","https://openalex.org/W2399724898","https://openalex.org/W2726806793","https://openalex.org/W2801213956","https://openalex.org/W2805161269","https://openalex.org/W2909821951","https://openalex.org/W2910220322","https://openalex.org/W2943454085","https://openalex.org/W2943663566","https://openalex.org/W3014415887","https://openalex.org/W3014592179","https://openalex.org/W3026630291","https://openalex.org/W3080511272","https://openalex.org/W3112600181","https://openalex.org/W3120420594","https://openalex.org/W3139383744","https://openalex.org/W3156288368","https://openalex.org/W3175953858","https://openalex.org/W3180802176","https://openalex.org/W3198104311","https://openalex.org/W3199339416","https://openalex.org/W3201625653","https://openalex.org/W3211517444","https://openalex.org/W4205523995","https://openalex.org/W4207063909","https://openalex.org/W4210870024","https://openalex.org/W4285118548","https://openalex.org/W4293195644"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604254364","https://openalex.org/W2293476944","https://openalex.org/W2435446506","https://openalex.org/W2040925369","https://openalex.org/W2038016357","https://openalex.org/W2374251700","https://openalex.org/W2019126040","https://openalex.org/W1487975641","https://openalex.org/W2357610276","https://openalex.org/W2027156464"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,34],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"we":[3,36,71],"study":[4],"the":[5,21,29,49,52,56,82,92],"physical":[6],"layer":[7],"security":[8,50],"performance":[9],"of":[10,31,51,77],"a":[11,17,25],"downlink":[12],"space\u2013air\u2013ground-integrated":[13],"network":[14],"(SAGIN),":[15],"where":[16],"satellite":[18],"communicates":[19],"with":[20],"ground":[22],"user/destination":[23],"via":[24],"high-altitude-platform-station-based":[26],"relay":[27],"in":[28],"presence":[30],"an":[32],"eavesdropper.":[33],"particular,":[35],"propose":[37],"to":[38,47,63,97],"use":[39],"hybrid":[40],"free-space":[41],"optical":[42],"(FSO)/radio":[43],"frequency":[44],"(RF)":[45],"transmission":[46],"enhance":[48],"considered":[53,83],"system.":[54],"Herein,":[55],"FSO":[57],"and":[58,66,74,94],"RF":[59],"links":[60],"are":[61],"assumed":[62],"experience":[64],"Gamma\u2013Gamma":[65],"Shadowed-Rician":[67],"distributions,":[68],"respectively.":[69],"Specifically,":[70],"derive":[72],"exact":[73],"asymptotic":[75],"expressions":[76],"secrecy":[78],"outage":[79],"probability":[80],"for":[81],"SAGIN":[84],"by":[85],"employing":[86],"intensity":[87],"modulation/direct":[88],"detection.":[89],"We":[90],"provide":[91],"numerical":[93],"simulation":[95],"results":[96],"validate":[98],"our":[99],"analysis.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
